    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Message-Id: <9510210517.AA04857@dolphin>
    Subject: Queries on PDP Unix status
    To: dmr@research.att.com, ken@plan9.att.com
    Date: Sat, 21 Oct 1995 15:17:41 +1000 (EST)
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    Dennis, Ken,

    	I'm sure you're both busy. I'm thinking of starting a PDP UNIX
    preservation group, to collect stuff from this area of computing history.
    No public distribution of licensed stuff.

    	If you know of anybody who is interested in this, or who is already
    doing something in this area, can you pass on their contact details.

    	I'd also appreciate getting a contact for someone who can clarify
    the distribution status of such things as the old on-line manuals/papers,
    and the Lions commentary (not the src code booklet).

    Thanks for any help you can give. You probably field lots of spurious email
    like this. Thanks for all your work over the years, and best wishes with
    Plan 9.

    Cheers,
    	Warren Toomey wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Message-Id: <9510230349.AA12173@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    Date: Sun, 22 Oct 1995 23:48:25 EDT
    Subject: Re: Queries on PDP Unix status
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Cc: ken@plan9.att.com
    Content-Type: text
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    The crucial question is,
       ... a contact for someone who can clarify
       the distribution status of such things as the old on-line manuals/papers,
       and the Lions commentary (not the src code booklet).

    Unfortunately there is no simple answer.  I've been somewhat involved
    in one aspect of this: the Lions commentaries.  Here is the story with
    them.

    John is interested in republishing the source and the commentary
    as a historical document and is being aided by Peter Salus (peter@usenix.org)
    and Berny Goodhart.  To shorten a long story, AT&T is willing to allow this,
    Novell was hesitant, and SCO seems almost ready to allow it.
    (Background: the transfer of Unix stuff from AT&T to USL,
    then to Novell, mentioned only System III and derivatives.
    However there is also language about "prereleases" of System III,
    which might possibly apply to the 6th edition even though it
    is some 6-7 years earlier.  Neither Novell nor SCO (about-to-be
    owner of the IP) are worried about people actually using the
    6th edition in competition with them; they wonder, in a
    generally lawyer-like way, whether publishing the
    "trade secrets" in the code might in some way compromise
    their current ownership.)

    At any rate, it's at least possible that SCO will give John, Peter
    etc. the go-ahead.  Certainly Lions owns the primary rights
    in his commentaries themselves.

    We have most of our own stuff online (v5, v6, v7, v8), but not
    the UCB PDP11 distributions.

    More about distribution and copyrights: just collecting things
    will not be objected to by anyone.  Moreover I suspect that
    AT&T could be convinced that it owns full rights in manuals
    and papers (i.e. would sign a publication permission letter
    if it thought a project worth while).  In contrast, it's clear that
    publishing code is a somewhat touchy subject and it's hard
    to get people to sign off.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	id AA13303; Mon, 23 Oct 1995 15:25:48 +1000
    Message-Id: <9510230525.AA13303@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Mon, 23 Oct 1995 01:25:24 EDT
    Subject: Re: Queries on PDP Unix status
    Content-Type: text
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         I'll contact Peter and get him to keep me informed of the status of [Lions].

    OK.  In more detail, the situation is this: the efforts with Novell were
    rebuffed (basically "we don't really want to think about this").  We
    know several of the SCO folks from way back (SCO is buying the SVr5 Unix rights
    from Novell) and after saying sort of the same thing at first, they now seem
    somewhat sympathetic.  But the sale won't happen for a couple of months.
    Incidentally this is all complicated by the fact that Lions is in declining
    shape physically.

    Do not bother to talk to anyone at Novell.  They are selling it all off and have
    no interest in dealing with such questions.

       We have 7th Edition running here, with a license. Can we talk to Bell Labs/AT&T
       about getting copies of 5th and 6th? Or who is the right person? Or is there
       a right person ??

    I think I'm the person you need at AT&T; there is no one here distributing
    any version of Unix in any official capacity.  If you have a 7th edition
    then you are entitled to a 5th and 6th, and I'd be willing to let you have
    it.   I guess the question is, what do you want to do with it?  If it's to
    be put in an archive (sort of like saving the last bits of smallpox virus)
    there's no problem, I'll just do it.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Message-Id: <9510232101.AA19987@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Mon, 23 Oct 1995 16:56:52 EDT
    Subject: Re: Queries on PDP Unix status
    Content-Type: text
    Content-Length: 882
    Status: RO

    When the "tapes" are compressed they total about
    2.8MB.  There is one from the 5th edition
    and three from the 6th (root, source, documents).
    We haven't been able to track down the machine-readable
    source for the 5th edition documents.  However,
    the 5th and 6th are quite similar and nearly
    contemporaneous.  As I recall, the 6th was
    created because the lawyers changed their
    minds about copyright notices.

    There is indeed rather little stuff from earlier.
    The 4th and earlier "editions" really did refer
    to editions of the manual; at that time systems
    were sent out based on whatever was on the
    machine at the time the tape or disk was made.
    I have various listings, and a couple of years
    ago Keith Bostic and Paul Vixie managed to
    read some early DECtapes.  E.g. there is
    a C compiler for the PDP-11/20 that
    doesn't have structures or #define, and
    pointers were written p[].

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	id AA11365; Mon, 23 Oct 1995 14:56:52 +1000
    From: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Message-Id: <9510230456.AA11365@dolphin>
    Subject: Re: Queries on PDP Unix status
    To: dmr@plan9.att.com
    Date: Mon, 23 Oct 1995 14:56:52 +1000 (EST)
    In-Reply-To: <9510230349.AA12173@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au> from "dmr@plan9.att.com" at Oct 22, 95 11:48:25 pm
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    Dennis,
    	Firstly thanks for your email.

    > Here is the story with the the Lions commentaries [ ...]

    > John is interested in republishing the source and the commentary
    > as a historical document and is being aided by Peter Salus (peter@usenix.org)
    > and Berny Goodhart.

    I'll contact Peter and get him to keep me informed of the status of this.

    > We have most of our own stuff online (v5, v6, v7, v8), but not
    > the UCB PDP11 distributions.

    We have 7th Edition running here, with a license. Can we talk to Bell Labs/AT&T
    about getting copies of 5th and 6th? Or who is the right person? Or is there
    a right person ??

    > More about distribution and copyrights: just collecting things
    > will not be objected to by anyone.  Moreover I suspect that
    > AT&T could be convinced that it owns full rights in manuals
    > and papers (i.e. would sign a publication permission letter
    > if it thought a project worth while).  In contrast, it's clear that
    > publishing code is a somewhat touchy subject and it's hard
    > to get people to sign off.

    Yep, I understand fully. Ok, well I'll try and talk to someone at both AT&T
    and Novell for an authorative position on such things as the on-line manuals.

    Thanks again for your time,

    Ciao,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	id AA13255; Mon, 23 Oct 1995 16:19:01 +1000
    From: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Message-Id: <9510230619.AA13255@dolphin>
    Subject: Re: Queries on PDP Unix status
    To: dmr@plan9.att.com
    Date: Mon, 23 Oct 1995 16:19:00 +1000 (EST)
    In-Reply-To: <9510230525.AA13303@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au> from "dmr@plan9.att.com" at Oct 23, 95 01:25:24 am
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    In atricle by dmr@plan9.att.com:
    >
    > Do not bother to talk to anyone at Novell. They are selling it all off
    > and have no interest in dealing with such questions.

    Ok, thanks.

    >    We have 7th Edition running here, with a license. [How do we get]
    >    copies of 5th and 6th?
    >
    > I think I'm the person you need at AT&T; there is no one here distributing
    > any version of Unix in any official capacity.  If you have a 7th edition
    > then you are entitled to a 5th and 6th, and I'd be willing to let you have
    > it.   I guess the question is, what do you want to do with it?  If it's to
    > be put in an archive (sort of like saving the last bits of smallpox virus)
    > there's no problem, I'll just do it.

    Purely for sentimental reasons 8-) I've got 2.9BSD and 7th Ed running on
    an 11/45 and an 11/40, it would be fun to try 5th and 6th out as well.

    I take it from your emails that not much before 5th edition is still
    in existence.

    Thanks again,

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	id AA23635; Tue, 24 Oct 1995 16:54:09 +1000
    From: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Message-Id: <9510240654.AA23635@dolphin>
    Subject: Getting 5th and 6th Edition
    To: dmr@plan9.att.com
    Date: Tue, 24 Oct 1995 16:54:08 +1000 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    In-Reply-To: <9510232101.AA19987@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au> from "dmr@plan9.att.com" at Oct 23, 95 04:56:52 pm
    X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL23]
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    In atricle by dmr@plan9.att.com:
    >
    > When the "tapes" are compressed they total about
    > 2.8MB.  There is one from the 5th edition
    > and three from the 6th (root, source, documents).
    > We haven't been able to track down the machine-readable
    > source for the 5th edition documents.  However,
    > the 5th and 6th are quite similar and nearly
    > contemporaneous.  As I recall, the 6th was
    > created because the lawyers changed their
    > minds about copyright notices.

    Dennis, sounds good. I'm running RK05s and RL02s here, so I might have a
    bit of a bootstrap problem, but at least the bits will be archived offsite
    for you. But I'm determined to get them going, so send away!

    Keith Bostic mentioned recently that he had 5th Edition on-line, so
    maybe you can ask him about your missing stuff.

    > There is indeed rather little stuff from earlier.
    > The 4th and earlier "editions" really did refer
    > to editions of the manual; at that time systems
    > were sent out based on whatever was on the
    > machine at the time the tape or disk was made.
    > I have various listings, and a couple of years
    > ago Keith Bostic and Paul Vixie managed to
    > read some early DECtapes.  E.g. there is
    > a C compiler for the PDP-11/20 that
    > doesn't have structures or #define, and
    > pointers were written p[].

    Well, if you need any help in keeping these bits from the bit bucket, let
    me know. Also, if you have any time, look at my skeletal `Preserve Unix'
    web page at http://minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au/PUPS/

    Thanks again,

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Message-Id: <9511020253.AA01926@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Wed, 1 Nov 1995 21:52:52 EST
    Subject: Re: canonical answer about Sixth and Seventh Edition
    Content-Type: text
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    I tried a couple of drafts of that note; earlier ones were more explicit
    about my guesses about how the envelope might be pushed.
    I finally wrote what I sent under the assumption that the position
    would be published.

    After thinking about things, I'll explain my view of the situation;
    it really is my view, and although I'm a bit more confident
    about the position of AT&T than that of the other parties,
    these are simply estimations.

    AT&T doesn't care at all about what happens with early (or for that
    matter late) Unix versions except that the company not be enmeshed
    in problems.  This translates to: if you officially ask about something,
    you might not hear an answer, but if you get one, it will say "this is
    not our business."

    USL cared, for reasons I can see but don't fully appreciate, about early versions,
    in particular 32V (on which the BSD distributions were based).  USL
    did sue BSDI and then UC Berkeley for selling and distributing
    system distributions allegedly free of AT&T/USL code.  There were
    many technical aspects in the suit involving details of copyright
    and other matters.  My reading of the motivation for the suit is that
    USL was not worried much about BSDI as a direct competitor, but
    rather about the possibility that Unix as a whole (and in particular
    their current System V product) might end up in the public domain;
    specifically, that one or more of their large customers might
    say "This material is in the public domain; there's no copyright,
    there's no trade secret.  We won't pay."  Thus the BSDI suit was
    mainly to establish the fact that they would fight for their rights.
    The suit was in fact finally settled out of court, in a way that
    cast some doubt on USL's ability to hold copyright and trade
    secret claims on 32V, but did establish that they were willing
    to fight for them.  USL people believe they won the battle they were
    actually fighting.  BSDI also won because they're still in business,
    after agreeing to make rather minimal changes in their product.

    My reading is that SCO, the about-to-be owner of the Unix code
    that descends from the early Bell Labs research editions, is not
    going to be excessively concerned with educational, research,
    or historical uses of these early versions, though they might
    well be worried about commercial use.

    I'm certain that right now (just before the sale is consummated)
    neither Novell nor SCO will make many promises; more likely
    they'll just be confused.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Wed, 1 Nov 1995 22:00:48 EST
    Subject: Re: canonical answer about Sixth and Seventh Edition
    Content-Type: text
    Status: RO
    Content-Length: 424
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    About specifics:

    I have the 5 and 6 stuff in a directory.  Probably simplest is to
    put it in a directory accessible for FTP.  It is 4 files in gzipped-tar
    format, 2.8MB.  Let's schedule a time for making it visible.

    About Helbekkmo of NSE (and generally about proving source
    licenses).  I don't know how to do this.  I would be inclined to
    believe people writing from universities who say they have
    BSD licenses.

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Message-Id: <9511020323.AA02215@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Wed, 1 Nov 1995 22:22:38 EST
    Subject: Re: v5-v6
    Content-Type: text
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    The files are now in
    	incoming/oldgoo/* at plan9.att.com
    (also known as netlib.att.com).  Anonymous FTP accepted.

    I misspoke; they are gzipped, but they aren't tar, they are
    disk images.  See what you can make of them.

    BTW, Leendert van Doorn from VU in Amsterdam was here
    over the summer.  He has a PDP-11 simulator that runs on
    (e.g.) SGI Irix and other modern systems and can run with
    images like these as their root file structures.

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Wed, 1 Nov 1995 00:40:55 EST
    Subject: canonical answer about Sixth and Seventh Edition
    Content-Type: text
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    So far as I can determine, AT&T doesn't think it has the
    right to issue new licenses for any Unix editions, and won't
    do so.  Several years ago, the Unix IP was transferred to
    Unix Systems Laboratories, at first as a mostly-owned subsidiary;
    USL was then sold to Novell, and recently Novell agreed to
    sell its Unix business to SCO (and HP is partially involved).
    As of the end of October 1995 this last sale had not been
    consummated.

    In other words, AT&T is out of the Unix business, and has been
    for some time; any licenses will have to come from the current
    owner.  But the "current owner" is itself in flux, and I doubt that
    even before the latest sale, Novell was quite geared up to issue
    Seventh Edition licenses; I have no useful suggestions about
    how to obtain one officially (it might be interesting to try).

    Official sources in AT&T have said that they have no objection
    to reissuance of Lions's commentaries and source publication
    of the Sixth Edition.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1995/11/02
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    From: dmr@plan9.att.com
    To: wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Thu, 2 Nov 1995 01:16:18 EST
    Subject: Re: v5-v6
    Content-Type: text
    Status: RO
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    Great, I'll delete the visible versions, but they're easy to reinstate
    if there was a mechanical error.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	id AA17117; Thu, 2 Nov 1995 09:39:46 +1100
    From: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Message-Id: <9511012239.AA17117@dolphin>
    Subject: Re: canonical answer about Sixth and Seventh Edition
    To: dmr@plan9.att.com
    Date: Thu, 2 Nov 1995 09:39:45 +1100 (EST)
    In-Reply-To: <9511010541.AA08611@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au> from "dmr@plan9.att.com" at Nov 1, 95 00:40:55 am
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    In atricle by dmr@plan9.att.com:
    >
    > I have no useful suggestions about how to obtain [a license for
    > v6 or v7 UNIX] officially (it might be interesting to try).

    Thanks Dennis, I didn't think it would be easy (or possible). I've passed
    your comments on to the people who were interested, and I might try to
    make contact with someone at SCO about it.

    You did mention that you could ship me v5 and v6 for the old Unix archive
    we are building here. I've got Steven Schultz sending me several 2.xBSDs
    to add to the collection. I also have Tom Ivar Helbekkmo, from the
    Norwegian School of Economics wanting to know how he can prove he has a
    source license so that I can send him some files from the archive. Any
    ideas?

    I have no idea what you think of all this, but in any event I'll try to
    avoid `hassling' you about it! Many thanks again for your help.

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/07/01
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
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    Hi,

    Good luck on your quest.  I don't know the best approach to getting
    the material out; I'm not sure that a petition is the best, but I
    certainly support it.  Let me tell you what I encountered in recent
    years in getting the Sixth Edition out.

    As a brief guide: remember that
     AT&T spun off USL as a mostly-owned subsidiary with Unix
      software as its main product
     USL was then sold to Novell
     Novell then sold this business to SCO

    It was several years ago that Peter Salus and Berny Goodheart began
    pushing to republish the Lions commentaries and the accompanying 6th
    edition source.  I think this started after AT&T had sold USL to
    Novell, but it might have been even before.  I tried to use my best
    offices to encourage this, but we didn't get anywhere.  In part, I
    suppose, things were complicated by the USL vs BSDI and later vs UC
    Berkeley lawsuit, which definitely made people nervous about rights
    and what might happen if even historical stuff became available.  (I
    tried to help with that too, also to no evident avail on my part, but
    the issue dissolved with no effect except the expenditure of a lot of
    money and some ill-will.)  The attitude of the people I talked to (on
    the advice of their lawyers) was sympathetic to publishing, but they
    were worried that they might be jeopardising their ownership rights in
    the current code.  They were well aware that no one could possibly
    produce a competing product by starting from the Sixth Edition, but
    thought more along these lines: if we (effectively) put this
    >10-year-old material in the public domain, do we create the
    possibility that someone will successfully claim that our current
    product, a derivative of it, is also public domain?  Everyone involved
    admitted that this was a slim possibility, but didn't see any
    advantage in taking the risk or spending a lot of time analyzing it.

    At about this point (after the sale of USL to Novell), I carefully
    read the contract that created USL as a mostly-owned subsidiary of
    AT&T.  It seemed to me to say clearly that the rights that were
    transferred were to Unix System V as of about 1982.  Thus, I thought,
    AT&T (and its Bell Labs, which we were then), owned the rights to
    earlier versions and could do with them what we pleased.  Therefore, I
    applied for a general release of the Sixth Edition software.  After
    bouncing around for a while, this release was denied, again because of
    lawyer caution.  The contract contained a phrase approximately "and
    prerelease versions" which they thought might conceivably be
    interpreted to apply to the Sixth Edition.  There was no economic
    interest on AT&T's part, and no objection the release except not
    wanting to be sued, an event admitted to be unlikely, but not so
    unlikely that they were willing to sign.  The best I was able to get
    was a letter saying that AT&T had no objection to republishing the
    Lions material and the source, but also saying that USL would have to
    agree as well.

    Later, Novell agreed to sell USL to SCO, so we all tried again.
    Salus, Goodheart, I and others wrote several letters to old Unix hands
    at SCO, in particular Mike Tilson and Doug Michels.  For the first
    several months they expressed considerable sympathy, but their own
    lawyers were also worried about consequences, and since our approach
    to them was made after the sale agreement but before the closing,
    everyone at SCO was much more engaged with current events than with
    history.

    Happily, once SCO was actually in control, the efforts by Peter and
    Berny reached fruition, and Mike T. and Doug M. quelled the fears of
    their lawyers.  So the Lions book was republished.

    More recently, Bob Supnik collected or commissioned interpreters for
    several old machines from Digital and Data General and also permission
    to distribute binary versions of various operating systems for them,
    the Unix ones from from SCO. I wasn't involved in whatever
    negotiations he conducted.

    I've formed these impressions in helping to make available historical
    material.

    1) SCO is interested in keeping nominal rights to Unix source code as
    early as the Sixth Edition research stuff, but they are generally
    friendly and cooperative.

    2) I am going to take the (unilateral) attitude that anything earlier
    than the Sixth Edition is our property, to be made available for
    scholarly purposes as I manage to work up energy to curate it.

    I don't at all disagree with the purpose of the petition and support
    it.  Be sure to continue with a positive and non-confrontational approach
    to SCO.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/07/02
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (achille.cs.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2]) by henry.cs.adfa.oz.au (8.7.5/8.7.3) with SMTP id OAA00243 for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.oz.au>; Wed, 2 Jul 1997 14:44:29 +1000 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Message-Id: <199707020444.OAA00243@henry.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    To: wkt@henry.cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Wed, 2 Jul 1997 00:10:59 -0400
    Subject: Re: early source
    Status: RO
    X-Status: A
    Content-Length: 1563
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    I would push for a non-cash arrangement.  The stuff at the plan 9
    site (the 4-disk set) and the Inferno download agreement show what
    we've been able to manage.  This has seemed to satisfy the lawyers
    locally.  No one smart is under the illusion that they can really
    make money from this, they just don't want to do any uncompensated
    work and worry about losing some sort of rights in what they do
    make money from.  I guess the offers to pay are evidence of interest,
    though.

    Tilson is the person more friendly to Unix history and better
    known to me personally, but he made it clear in my negotiations
    that Michels was more in control of this (at least at the time;
    things change fast).  I don't know Dion Johnson or where he fits in
    but if you're making progress with him, continue!

    I've been putting up stuff, mainly documents, under my home
    page at
      http://cm.bell-labs.com/cs/who/dmr
    The latest discoveries (not there yet) are Ken's own B manual,
    and his and my document on QED (the most baroque QED ever).
    Already there are versions of some other papers on early things.

    As to what I have.  There is a version of the OS source as of
    about August 1973, retrieved from a DECtape.  This is the earliest
    currently machine-readable system source in existence, I'm pretty sure.

    Other treasures:  Shamim Pirzada did most of a PhD thesis on Unix
    as an exemplar of software evolution for Imperial College (London)
    that (in the part I have) contains a pretty good account of details
    of history up to about 1988.

    I'll continue scanning this stuff in.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/09/17
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Wed, 17 Sep 1997 21:26:33 -0400
    Subject: re: Who owns PWB/UNIX and Mini UNIX?
    Status: RO
    X-Status: A
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    PWB/UNIX and Mini UNIX preceded the 7th edition system.  They
    were generated by organizations in Bell Labs outside our group,
    and doubtless their licensing details (at the time) differed.
    However, I can't see how they would have any different
    descendant owner or any particular reason why they should be
    treated differently from the research editions 1-7.  It's
    pretty clear that Lucent as a corporation has absolutely no
    interest in asserting any interest in this (i.e. claim ownership,
    grant permission).  We're now fully separate from AT&T but it
    is my guess that they are likely to take the same attitude
    Of course I can speak even less for them than for
    Lucent.

    In other words, as far as I know SCO owns the game, and we
    should be happy they're playing in it.  I don't know of anyone
    likely to assert separate control of PWB or Mini Unix, so
    whether you work on SCO about them is mainly a matter of
    judgement about whether you're going back to the well too
    many times.

    I don't think I want to look over the proposed contract,
    just because I've read more of them than is good for me,
    but I do have one suggestion that worked for me at least
    once (the Plan 9 shrink-wrap license).

    Lawyers these days are behind the curve in these networked
    days.  The original Plan 9 draft contract also had
    a "one CPU" clause that was crazy for a distributed
    system.  I managed to replace it with wording that just
    prohibited putting the source in a place accessible by network
    to non-licensees.

    But this kind of negotiation is hard.

    At any rate, I can't think of any reason why PWB and Mini
    Unix shouldn't be treated the same as ed. 1-7.
    32V is the same, by the way.  It's contemporaneous.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/09/21
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Message-Id: <199709210458.OAA20352@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    Date: Sun, 21 Sep 1997 00:18:03 -0400
    Subject: re: Who owns the 6th & 7th Edition Manuals?
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au, dionj@sco.com
    Status: RO
    X-Status: A
    Content-Length: 1032
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    The 7th edition manuals have been available for some while on
    our own server, and are currently at http://cm.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan.
    This is a synonym for http://netlib.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan,
    and it's doubtless reachable otherwise.

    The version at ftp://elib.zib.de/pub/netlib/att/cs/v7man/README
    looks like a mirror of an older version (at least of the
    README).

    Unlike code, which is involved with perhaps complicated
    trade secret and other ownership issues, old manuals
    that were released publicly and genuinely published
    (e.g. the 7th edition Unix manual, by Saunders College
    Publishing) are subject only to plain old copyright.
    Unless there is some document I haven't seen, I don't
    think that SCO has any exclusive copyright in manuals
    published in 1979 by us.

    Warren, so far as I know you're welcome to mirror our
    version of the manual or link to it, just as Wolfram did.
    Incidentally, I don't have online versions of any earlier
    research manuals (1-6), but would be happy to get
    and archive whatever you have.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/09/22
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    From: Dion <dionj@sco.COM>
    X-Mailer: SCO OpenServer Mail Release 5.0
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com, wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Subject: Re: Who owns the 6th & 7th Edition Manuals?
    Date: Mon, 22 Sep 97 10:53:30 PDT
    Message-ID:  <9709221053.aa03103@tahoe.pdev.sco.com>
    Status: RO
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    I am sure Dennis is right and that you can go ahead and put these
    online.

    Dion L. Johnson II  - The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc.              dionj@sco.com
    Czar of Free Stuff and Technical customers' advocate.
    400 Encinal St.  Santa Cruz, CA 95061    FAX: 408-427-5417  Voice: 408-427-7565

    	From sco.sco.com!plan9.bell-labs.com!dmr Sat Sep 20 22:26:06 1997
    	From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    	Date: Sun, 21 Sep 1997 00:18:03 -0400
    	Subject: re: Who owns the 6th & 7th Edition Manuals?
    	To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au, dionj@sco.com
    	Status: RO

    	The 7th edition manuals have been available for some while on
    	our own server, and are currently at http://cm.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan.
    	This is a synonym for http://netlib.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan,
    	and it's doubtless reachable otherwise.

    	The version at ftp://elib.zib.de/pub/netlib/att/cs/v7man/README
    	looks like a mirror of an older version (at least of the
    	README).

    	Unlike code, which is involved with perhaps complicated
    	trade secret and other ownership issues, old manuals
    	that were released publicly and genuinely published
    	(e.g. the 7th edition Unix manual, by Saunders College
    	Publishing) are subject only to plain old copyright.
    	Unless there is some document I haven't seen, I don't
    	think that SCO has any exclusive copyright in manuals
    	published in 1979 by us.

    	Warren, so far as I know you're welcome to mirror our
    	version of the manual or link to it, just as Wolfram did.
    	Incidentally, I don't have online versions of any earlier
    	research manuals (1-6), but would be happy to get
    	and archive whatever you have.

    		Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/09/22
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Mon, 22 Sep 1997 02:49:40 -0400
    Subject: Re: Who owns the 6th & 7th Edition Manuals?
    Status: RO
    X-Status: A
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    It turns out that the 6th edition is indeed online, it's just
    not mounted by my shell script.  It's the same, I'm sure,
    as what I sent you.

    I've been thinking about how best to revive the earliest stuff.
    The first manuals will have to be scanned in, but there's
    someone here who's interested.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1997/09/23
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Date: Tue, 23 Sep 1997 01:49:21 -0400
    Subject: history
    Status: RO
    X-Status: A
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    Lines: 207

    I poked around in some local material, and slightly burnished up one
    bit of memorabilia.  It's at http://cm.bell-labs.com/cs/who/dmr/notes.html
    (also referred to on my WWW page).

    I think the next project is to scan in the 1st Edition manual.
    Probably this will just be in PDF image format, but maybe
    we'll run the OCR over it.

    Another source of old stuff is the DECtapes that were read some
    years ago, from which the above notes were retrieved.

    Here are the notes I made at the time concerning the collection.
    What do you think is most interesting?

    		Dennis

    ---
    The files here were read from old DECtapes made in the early 1970s.
    Paul Vixie and Keith Bostic unearthed a DECtape drive and
    made it work, we unearthed the tapes.

    The tapes were written in either the 'tap' or 'tp' format,
    which are similar in that they have a directory of up to 192
    entries at the start with names and other information including
    the size and tape address of the files.  'tp' was the later
    format, and was in use by November 1973, the date of the 4th edition manual.
    With `tap', the times associated with the files were recorded
    in pre-modern units: sixtieths of a second, from an origin that
    changed.  The first three editions of the manual had BUGS sections
    noting that 32 bits can represent only about 2.5 years in this
    unit, and this implied continuing crises as the time overflowed.

    I believe that the change to use seconds for Unix time took place
    along with the change to the C version of the operating system, which
    occurred about the end of the summer of 1973, and also that the change
    from `tap' to `tp' took place at the same time.  (This is consistent
    with the dates of the 3rd and 4th edition manuals).

    Thus the dates recorded with the `tp' tapes probably correspond
    reliably to the modification dates of the files at the time
    of saving them (of course, this gives only a upper bound on
    their creation, since they might have been copied or trivially
    touched just before saving them).

    Recovering the proper dates for the `tap' tapes is less reliable,
    because there was at least one change of epoch (from 1971 to 1972)
    during the period they could possibly have been produced.
    I believe that the 1972 epoch is most likely the correct one
    for the tapes here.

    apl
    	Ken's apl program, together with his rendition of
    	astro (translated from Morris's Fortran).
    	Probably OK dates, 1975-76.

    config
    	Ken's program for configuring PDP11s.  It told you
    	price, maintenance, checked for bus loading.
    	Interesting for DEC price lists in 1974.

    dmr
    	Random stuff from my directory.  Most probable dates: 1972.
    	The `paper' directory contains a version
    	of the original SOSP Unix paper (haven't compared
    	it with the CACM version).
    	cgd appears to be an experiment in converting
    	Fortran threaded code to machine language,
    	using a warmed over version of the earliest C
    	code generator.  It's written in NB, not C.
    	fd is some fortran programs, in particular a
    	polynomial root-finder I found somewhere.

    	aman is some version of the PDP-11 assembler manual.
    	fd is a fortran program for plotting functions
    	of 2 variables.

    	notes1 and notes2 are evidently notes I made for myself
    	for a talk on unix.  They are quite interesting.

    	tty.s is evidently the terminal processing routine for an
    	assembly-language version of unix.  note that it handles
    	IBM 2741 terminals with two kinds of typeballs
    	(938 and correspondence).

    	crypt.c encrypts using a variant of the Hagelin machine.

    	pig.b is an interesting artifact:  it is a B program
    	that echoes what you type in Pig latin.  (Incidentally,
    	there is a translation of this program into C, dated 1978,
    	in a subdirectory that still spins on a disk attached to
    	the Unix machine where I get my mail.)

    dmr2
    	the let directory contains drafts of a bunch of letters
    	to people who asked about unix in early days.  (lett6
    	is to andy tanenbaum).

    	The let directory contains drafts of a bunch of letters
    	to people who asked about unix in early days.  (lett6
    	is to andy tanenbaum).

    	Other bits: restric discusses some early thoughts
    	about types in C.  I don't know who it was addressed
    	to (perhaps even to myself).  ct is an even briefer
    	list about what I though was important.

    	iosys is a manual for writing system device drivers.

    e-pi
    	Our programs to compute e and pi to a million places.
    	The one for e worked; it took some months on a time-shared
    	PDP-11 without memory mapping.
    	Incidentally the <SO>J<SI> directory name is correct:
    	this sequence printed the greek letter pi on a Teletype
    	model 37.  Plan 9 won't let me create this.  It wants
    	me to use Unicode!

    games
    	Ken's work on various games.  Check out chomp/c0.c,
    	which has a briefly-existing form of structure
    	declaration using parentheses instead of braces.

    ken
    	check out the values of the AT&T Savings plan in the
    	early 70s (plan), and what interested Ken's son (corey/*)
    	then.

    ken-du
    	Here, you can read our wtmp files from 1974 and 1975.

    ken-sky
    	A bunch of interesting old ken stuff (eg a version of
    	the units program from the days when the dollar fetched
    	302.7 yen)

    last1120c
    	The source for a version of C that compiled for the
    	PDP-11/20.  It didn't have structures, it didn't have
    	#define, and pointers were declared p[].  But look!
    	The initialization routine says

    		init("float", 2);
    		init("double", 3);
    	/*	init("long", 4);  */
    		init("auto", 5);
    		init("extern", 6);

    nsys
    	If the decoding of the date on the tape is correct (Aug 1973),
    	this is the source for the earliest C version of Unix
    	likely to be recovered.  `nsys' meant the C version
    	rather than the assembly version, and Aug 73 is plausible for
    	a running instance of this system.

    prestruct-c
    	This is approximately the same era as `last1120c,'
    	but 6 months later; despite the name, this compiler now
    	handles structures.  (The struct keyword
    	has displaced `long' as keyword number 4!)  The name of
    	the tape indicates that the state of the compiler
    	was saved just before converting it to use structures
    	inside itself.

    	The compiler is much less complete--just
    	the c??.c files, not the tables for code generation.

    s1
    	I haven't cracked this yet.

    s2
    	Is not source, but a dump of (parts of) /bin, /etc,
    	/usr/lib, and bits of a few other directories.
    	Caution!  The tape uses absolute pathnames,
    	and is dangerous to extract unless you want to install
    	old PDP-11 binaries.  (tap format).

    sys-dsu
    	This system didn't come directly from us.  After
    	poking around it for a while I found a file containing
    	this (in cr.h):

    	/*****************************************************************
    	 **								**
    	 **		   U C L A  Data Secure Unix			**
    	 **								**
    	 **			Copyright 1977				**
    	 **								**
    	 **    Mark Kampe, Charles Kline, Gerald Popek, Evelyn Walton	**
    	 **								**
    	 *****************************************************************/

    	So, it appears that `dsu' is `data-secure unix' and this is a
    	record of one of the early security projects!  They must
    	have sent it to us.  Might be fun to examine it; I suppose
    	we should tell Gerry Popek of its existence.

    unix
    	This is probably a `boot' tape; it has binary images of
    	the system and some raw utility programs for use when booting
    	(memory testers, loaders for diagnostics, and the like).

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1998/02/25
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Date: Wed, 25 Feb 1998 17:25:30 -0500
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    Cool!  Did I ever tell you about what I tried when the USL-
    BSDI suit started?  I looked very carefully at the document
    that spun off USL from AT&T, and it appeared to me that
    the IP that was transferred was SV and later.   So I filed
    for a software release for 32V and earlier systems.
    However, the lawyers were too cautious.  There was
    a phrase that they thought could be interpreted as
    applying that far back.  They didn't really think it did,
    but they're very conservative.

    Glad that SCO is more sensible (though they take their
    time....)

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Wed, 15 Apr 1998 00:56:43 -0400
    Subject: Re: Old Unix Stuff: again
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au, sms@moe.2bsd.com
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    I'd love a copy of the CD.

    	D.M.Ritchie
    	Bell Labs rm 2C517
    	600 Mountain Ave
    	Murray Hill   NJ 07974    USA

    I don't clearly remember V7M R2.1 but I believe we put something
    together that included some of the changes in C.  Probably enums,
    identification of structure names with tags, structure passing.
    I'll take a look at the material and guess where it fits in.

    	Dennis

    ----
    Hi Dennis,

    	I hope I'm not disturbing you. As you know, SCO are now selling
    source licenses for 5th, 6th, 7th Edition UNIX and 32V. We are just about
    to burn CDs which contain our archive, for distribution to licencees.

    If you would like a copy, gratis, please pass your details on to
    Steven Schultz sms@moe.2bsd.com, who will send you a CD.

    A new addition to the archive is something called V7M Release 2.1,
    dated August 1981. This appears to be a major upgrade from 7th Edition,
    including the v7addenda stuff.

    Do you know who put this together? The person who donated it says the
    tape came from DEC, but the tape's contents don't nominate the ``author''.

    Thanks again!

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Date: Wed, 15 Apr 1998 02:05:53 -0400
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    The stuff with Canter must have been Digital's collection.

    The addenda tape was probably ours.  The phrasing of the comments
    is familiar, and no one else would supply a new awk and fortran
    at that point.  12/2/80 in the US would definitely be December.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Message-Id: <199804250420.OAA03092@henry.cs.adfa.oz.au>
    Date: Sat, 25 Apr 1998 00:20:11 -0400
    Subject: Re: Old Unix Stuff: again
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     > It's on the way.

    Thanks.

    By the way, you might be interested in http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/~dmr/manintro.tif
    (if you have a TIFF viewer) or the .html version of the same thing.  It's the start
    of the 1st edition manual, Nov. 1973.  I've got some more scanned in, but the OCR
    is going to be hell to correct.    Also I suspect that some other graphics format
    is likely to be friendlier for most people's browsers.

    (None of this is linked to on the home page yet.)

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1998/12/16
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    Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1998 23:34:34 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Subject: Re: Dennis and Ken at PDP console
    Status: RO
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    No, I'm thinking specifically of a shirt distributed by Digital, with
    an image done in near-realtime by Armando.   He couldn't have
    done it on the spot (it's too complicated and too correct) but
    it is from an overhead slide he more likely made the night
    before a talk.   It is hand-done.  It is approximately correct.
    It's a tree like your PS one and stops at the bottom with arrows
    pointing from the circle with Unix/TS to "more TS stuff/System III & V"
    and "4.2 BSD".  A  hard-to-read notice says "Copyright DEC A. Stettner
    4/14/87."  This date could be '89; it's hard to read.

    The only other person I've seen with this is Norman Wilson.  He's washed
    his more than I have; I wear mine only at Usenix, and not every year.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1998/12/16
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1998 22:40:14 -0500
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    I'll see what I can do, especially about the photo.  I don't have it;  it's
    likely in the archives, since someone found it to put on the corporate
    WWW pages.

    Incidentally, a scan of Armando Stettner's T-shirt family tree would
    be appropriate too.  I wonder, does a T-shirt scan?

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Date: Thu, 17 Dec 1998 16:10:50 -0500
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    Get the T-shirt at http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/~dmr/unixtree.tif
    Even the original is somewhat unreadable.

    The PR guy is going to look for the console photo.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Wed, 6 Jan 1999 22:36:41 -0500
    Subject: Re: V8's roots?
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    CC: norman@nose.cita.utoronto.ca
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    I also got mail from Norman Wilson today about the discussion.

    This is mainly to confirm and fill out details of Wilson's account.

    The Eighth Edition system started with (I believe) BSD 4.1c and
    the work was done on VAX 11/750s -- our group did not get
    a 780 until a while later.

    Most of the operating system superstructure of BSD was retained
    (in particular no one (even the indefatigable Norman)
    wanted to get much into the paging code.  Norman is also
    right that the competitor was John Reiser's (and Tom London's)
    32V descendant from another group at the Labs.  In structure
    this system had a lot to offer (in particular the buffer cache and the page
    pool were unified, but it was clear that their work was not being
    supported by their own management.  It was used for a while on
    our first 750 and also our first 11/780 ("alice", a name that lives
    in netnews fame preceding  the reach of Dejanews).

    The big change leading to V8 was the scooping-out and replacement of
    the character-device and networking part by the streams mechanism.  Later,
    Peter Weinberger added the file-system switch that enabled
    remote file systems and prescient things ideas like /proc).  Weinberger,
    as Norman said, also did a simple-minded FFS.

    The TCP/IP stack wasn't very important to us then and it has a mixed and
    murky history.  Much of it came from early CSRG work, but it was converted
    to a streams approach by Robert Morris and subsequently fiddled over a lot.

    Likewise, as Norman said, the applications (/bin and whatnot) were somewhat
    of a mixture.  Many were the locally-done versions, some were taken
    from BSD in some incarnation, some from System V.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Thu, 7 Jan 1999 17:54:09 -0500
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    I was looking again at the revived dectapes I got.
    Would you like a copy of the first 11/45 system?
    If my decoding of the date on the tape is correct,
    it's from January 1973.  This is at least consistent
    with the 3rd and 4th edition manuals (3rd wasn't
    the C system, 4th (Nov 73) was.

    I would assume that the same SCO license would
    apply to it as to the other research editions.

    It consists of the OS only.  I suspect it expects
    the same disk layout as the 5th edition.  It is
    source only (there is a file called u that might
    be a kernel image).  It's for an 11/45..

    Incidentally, before the 5th there is no real notion
    of release (software correlated with manual) because
    people got whatever software was on the disk when
    they took it.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1999 00:02:46 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Subject: Re: V8's roots?
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    OK, if you anonymous ftp to plan9.bell-labs.com, in /cm/cs/who/dmr/nsys
    you should find nsys.tar and README.  nsys.tar is a mere 194KB.

    Licensing--

     > Yes, although you yourself expressed doubt that editions before
     > 6th were really passed (via USL) to Novell & thence to SCO.

    If we had wanted to pay lawyers we could have made the
    case that research versions were ours to distribute.  We didn't
    want to spend the effort, especially once SCO turned nice.

    The SCO license is evidently enough (even though it's a bit hard to decide
    whether this is 2, 3, 4, it's covered well enough.)  I haven't poked
    closely enough into the PUPS pages to discover how (in practice)
    you really handle distribution today.  (You refer to "getting helpers
    to make disks/tapes")  This particular thing is small enough that Internet
    download is quite practical.  Of course it is presumably of interest
    only to those who already have an 11/45 or a good-enough
    simulator, or just want to study.

    I got the enquiry about V8 and subseq.  This begins to get more
    complicated.  For sure it would involve new negotiations with
    SCO.  It's possible that, the sky not having fallen, they would
    be even nicer now.   But since I'm just now involved in
    hot-and-heavy jousting about Inferno, Plan 9, Brazil
    I don't have the stomach to open another legal battle at the
    moment.

    Let me know if/when you pick up the nsys stuff.   Right now
    it's not linked on my home page and thus isn't obviously
    visible, but it is there for ftp if people poke around.  I'll put
    in some home page links to the PUPS material (including this)
    once you've figured out how to integrate it.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1999 00:33:13 -0500
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     > Do you think Lucent owns these systems? Do you think they might
     > eventually be prepared to sell licenses? I'll ask my SCO contacts
     > and find out who they think owns V8, 9 and 10. :-)

    The v8 etc situation is more complicated because not only do
    they begin to incorporate Sys/V material that is closer to SCO's heart,
    and clearly after the separation of USL->...->SCO, but begins
    to get into Lucent stuff that I'd have to justify inside the company.

    I'll try to find time to package up at least one of the early C compilers.
    Theoretically it has all the same problems as the OS but I believe
    that the possible lawyer-interest problem is in practice nonexistent.
    It's more a matter of proper curating of the material.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Sun, 10 Jan 1999 22:53:09 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Subject: Re: Compilation of nsys kernel
    Content-Type: text
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     > 	I've managed to compile the nsys kernel source code using a
     > 5th Edition environment. Changes to the src were: ...

    Astonishing.  When booting it might be best to start
    with an init that just does
      open(something);
      open(something);
      write(1, "Hello\n", 6);

    It might even be appropriate to try first with just  abort();
    to see if /etc/init can be read,

    Abt previous mail, I did indeed have passworded access to the archives
    in the past, but have naturally forgotten which password I might
    have chosen.   So far I'm managed not to get myself registered
    for ssh things.  If there's a page or so about access, the
    fax # is +1 908 582 5857, if there isn't enough info available
    inside PUPS itself or by email.

    Incidentally I am getting mail from one of the Bell Labs PR
    people who is wanting to do some sort of stuff about
    the 30th anniversary.  I may somehow involve you in this,
    though I did begin negotiations by asking him to find
    out who came up with the admonition "Fest me no schrifts."

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <199901102347.KAA01229@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Compilation of nsys kernel
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com (Dennis Ritchie)
    Date: Mon, 11 Jan 1999 10:47:02 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
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    Dennis,
    	I've managed to compile the nsys kernel source code using a
    5th Edition environment. Changes to the src were:

    nsys/user.h: change of struct declaration for v5 c compiler
    	() at lines 17,20 -> {}

    nsys/tty.h: missing ; on line 5 at end of struct clist

    nsys/dmr/tty.c: v5 cc complained, I modified code to look like v5 tty.c code

    206c206,207
    <       if ((c=&0177)==004 && (rtp->t_flags&RAW)==0)
    ---
    >       c=c&0177;
    >       if (c==004 && (rtp->t_flags&RAW)==0)

    nsys/ken/sig.c: had to modify a bit as v5 cc complained of expression syntax

    <               suword(u.u_ar0[R6]=-2, u.u_ar0[RPS]);
    <               suword(u.u_ar0[R6]=-2, u.u_ar0[R7]);
    ---
    >               u.u_ar0[R6] = u.u_ar0[R6] - 2;
    >               suword(u.u_ar0[R6], u.u_ar0[RPS]);
    >               u.u_ar0[R6] = u.u_ar0[R6] - 2;
    >               suword(u.u_ar0[R6], u.u_ar0[R7]);

    nsys/ken/45.s: I've borrowed rsave and rretrn from v5 kernel, because v5 c
    	compiler puts in rsave calls, and so I had to include this, and v3
    	rretrn wasn't going to be compatible with v5 rsave.

    320,324c320,338
    < .globl retrn
    < retrn:
    <       mov     r5,sp
    <       mov     (sp)+,r5
    <       rts     pc
    ---
    > .globl  rsave
    > rsave:
    >       mov     r5,r0
    >       mov     sp,r5
    >       mov     r4,-(sp)
    >       mov     r3,-(sp)
    >       mov     r2,-(sp)
    >       sub     (r0)+,sp
    >       jmp     (r0)
    >
    > .globl rretrn
    > rretrn:
    >       sub     $6,r5
    >       mov     r5,sp
    >       mov     (sp)+,r2
    >       mov     (sp)+,r3
    >       mov     (sp)+,r4
    >       mov     (sp)+,r5
    >       rts     pc

    With these changes, I then did:
    	cc -c -O ken/*.c, and   as all ken/*.s
    	cc -c -O dmr/*.c, and   as all dmrken/*.s
    	cc -c -O tables.c and   as junk/ustr.s

    Finally:
    	ld -X tables.o dmr/*.o ken/*.o
            junk/ustr
            strip a.out
            mv a.out unix

    This results in:

    -rw-r--r--  1 root    26240 Jan 10 18:34 u
    -rwxrwxrwx  1 root    26256 Jan 10 18:34 unix

    where u is the kernel originally from the nsys archive, and unix is the
    one just compiled above. I'll try booting them sometime this week,
    again using a v5 filesystem and environment on an 11/45.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1999 00:12:26 -0500
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    Subject: Re: Compilation of nsys kernel
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    Keys said (when I mentioned your tries)

     > Ohhh, neato!  Let us keep fingers crossed, knock on wood 3 times,
     > cow-tow as appropriate, rub the rabbit's foot, throw salt before
     > the sumo ring, .... and anything else?.....(:+}}....

     > Glad Warren is getting it there.   If it runs, it should be a real
     > treasure.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Thu, 14 Jan 1999 00:36:15 -0500
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     > Dennis, forgot to cc that last email to Bob Keys. Can you do?

    Done.  Cheers and carry on!

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Mon, 18 Jan 1999 01:02:12 -0500
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    I forget whether I mentioned this, but the project is
    more more alive than I thought.   Mike Mahoney has
    many HTML transcripts, groomed considerably in
    the course of a freshman class he gave at Princeton
    about a year ago.  I've been discussing with him and
    the local PR people how to present the material and
    deal with any rights issues.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Mon, 18 Jan 1999 23:40:01 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Subject: Re: Dating the addition of pipes in UNIX (etc.)
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    I thought I sent congratulations on the getting the nsys
    kernel not only to boot but do ls.  If not, congratulations!
    Do record the changes that were made.

    I don't know who now has copies of the audio tapes from
    the oral history thing.  Originals would be either in the Lucent
    or AT&T archives; I suspect Mahoney has copies, given that
    this was worked over again a year ago.  Mahoney's somewhat
    secret web site has the transcripts in HTML.  I'm working out with
    him and the Bell Labs PR group how best to make them available.

    The "2nd Edition" Dectape that McKie got was almost certainly
    a boot tape with a system image and a couple of utilities.
    (I just showed him what I have and asked).

    Hunting the <=4th edition: remember that it was only starting
    with the 5th edition system that there was any kind of collected
    entity that was coordinated with a manual.  We produced
    several manuals, each with a nominal date,
     describing a current state of things, but prepared over several
    months; what actual software people got was a copy of our disk
    at the instant they visited.
    It was almost always on RK03/RK05 disk packs, not magtape.
    Nice if one of these disk packs could be found and read.

    Proper dating of these things is hard.  You observe correctly that
    "sys pipe" was anticipated on the "nsys" system but not implemented.
    I'm a bit doubtful on the clean-looking Jan 22 1973 date on "nsys".
    I might have botched the interpretation of the bytes in the date field,
    and also there is even a year-off possibility because we changed
    epochs more than once and rewrote some of the existing DECtapes
    to reflect this.

    Best reconstruction:  During 1972, Ken finally puts pipes into Unix
    at McIlroy's urging--one of the interesting parts of the Oral History
    transcripts is

      MSM: I do want to talk about pipes, because Ritchie says in his retrospective that,
      not only was it your suggestion, but indeed, he suggests, at your insistence.

      McIlroy: That is one of the only places where, I very nearly exerted managerial
      control over UNIX, in pushing for those things.  Yes.

    Kind of simultanenously, Ken did two tries at a C version of the system,
    once probably during maybe 1972, then in 1973.  The first was abortive and
    leaves no trace.  Difficulties were partly
    because he had trouble with design of the process-exchange/coroutining
    primitives, also because structures weren't in C yet.  In 1973 he tried
    again.  If the dates on the "nsys" tape are understood right and believed,
    this was early in the year.

    I'm pretty sure that we didn't adopt it as
    the standard "production" system until about September 1973.  It is
    very likely that the real "sys" was still in assembler.   Pipes were probably
    added first to this version, given the evidence in "nsys."

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <199901182229.JAA01710@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: DECtape with V2
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com (Dennis Ritchie)
    Date: Tue, 19 Jan 1999 09:29:23 +1100 (EST)
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    --ELM916698563-1701-0_
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    Dennis,
    	I forgot that attachment, it's on the end of this email. Now, about
    that V2 DECtape. In the July 1984 issue of ;login: there is a Unix trivia quiz.
    At the top, it says:

    	The following quiz was distributed at the Salt Lake City conference
    by Rob Pike... Jim McKie had the best score for an individual (57) and was
    awarded an authenticated 1972 DECtape containing UNIX Version 2.

    In 1995, I emailed Jim and asked him what had happened to the tape? He
    replied:

    	a couple of years ago we sent that dectape along with a bunch of
    	others we found under to floor to keith bostic at berkeley who
    	had resurrected a dectape drive. i don't remember getting it back.
    	i'll enquire.

    	i loved pdp11's.

    So I assume that it must have been one of the DECtapes you had Keith read.
    However, somehow it got lost because you haven't mentioned it.

    So: do you guys still have those DECtapes, or does Keith have them? Would
    it be possible to sort through the box and see if any of the tapes might
    be the one that Jim won?

    I know it's unlikely to turn up, but it's worth just another look. I'm
    sure if the tape is found, we can get it read somehow.

    Thanks again,

    	Warren

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    --ELM916698563-1701-0_--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/01/19
    Received: (from wkt@localhost)
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.1/8.9.1) id KAA01921;
    	Tue, 19 Jan 1999 10:53:28 +1100 (EST)
    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <199901182353.KAA01921@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Dating the addition of pipes in UNIX
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com (Dennis Ritchie)
    Date: Tue, 19 Jan 1999 10:53:28 +1100 (EST)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
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    Dennis,
    	Let me know if I'm bothering you with all of this email. I'm sure
    that you've got other, better things to do than answer questions about old
    stuff.

    I'd love to know if anybody can remember the date that Ken hacked pipes
    into the Unix kernel. The nsys kernel is dated Jan 22 1973, and Peter
    Salus' book say that the 3rd Edition manuals came out in February 1973.

    Now, nsys doesn't have pipes, but has a system call reserved for pipes:

    	   0, &nosys,                      /* 42 = pipe */

    If the 3rd Edition manuals did come out in February, and nsys didn't have
    pipes in late January, then they must have been added during that interval.

    Also, was there a period when the kernel was being developed both in
    assembly language and in a HLL (pre-C)? You've said that ``Ken started
    trying [to rewrite the kernel in C] in the summer of 1972 and gave up. ...
    Over the year, I added structures ... and so over the next summer, we made
    the concerted effort and actually did redo the whole operating system in C.''

    If nsys is dated January 1972 (i.e your winter), then either you last
    statement isn't quite correct, or nsys was a snapshot of a parallel
    development which culminated in a new system by summer 1973.

    Thanks again,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/01/19
    Received: (from wkt@localhost)
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.1/8.9.1) id PAA02648;
    	Tue, 19 Jan 1999 15:52:57 +1100 (EST)
    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <199901190452.PAA02648@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Dating the addition of pipes in UNIX (etc.)
    In-Reply-To: <199901190439.PAA03516@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 18, 1999 11:40: 1 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Tue, 19 Jan 1999 15:52:57 +1100 (EST)
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > I thought I sent congratulations on the getting the nsys
    > kernel not only to boot but do ls.  If not, congratulations!
    > Do record the changes that were made.

    Thanks Dennis, the attached PostScript file I sent you has details of
    the changes. I was worried that my email hadn't reached you; glad it did.

    I've also been reading through the papers in the AT&T Bell Laboratories
    Technical Journal Vol 63, No 8, Part 2, October 1984. They have helped
    to answer some/most of the questions that I had asked you.

    I don't personally own either of AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal
    Vol 63, No 8, Part 2, October 1984, or The Bell System Technical Journal
    Vol 57, No 6, Part 2, July-August 1978. Does Lucent sell back-copies?
    This might be an idea for the 30 years celebration.

    > Mahoney's somewhat
    > secret web site has the transcripts in HTML.  I'm working out with
    > him and the Bell Labs PR group how best to make them available.

    Excellent.

    > The "2nd Edition" Dectape that McKie got was almost certainly
    > a boot tape with a system image and a couple of utilities.
    > (I just showed him what I have and asked).

    Even that would be a useful addition to the archives. I can't promise
    that I can boot it, this time :-) I assume this is either the tape
    `s2' or `unix' that you mentioned previously in your email.

    > Hunting the <=4th edition: remember that it was only starting
    > with the 5th edition system that there was any kind of collected
    > entity that was coordinated with a manual. ...
    > It was almost always on RK03/RK05 disk packs, not magtape.
    > Nice if one of these disk packs could be found and read.

    Do you think it would be worth approaching these institutions, anyway?
    They might have made, and kept, backup tapes.

    > Proper dating of these things is hard.  You observe correctly that
    > "sys pipe" was anticipated on the "nsys" system but not implemented.
    > I'm a bit doubtful on the clean-looking Jan 22 1973 date on "nsys".
    > I might have botched the interpretation of the bytes in the date field,
    > and also there is even a year-off possibility because we changed
    > epochs more than once and rewrote some of the existing DECtapes
    > to reflect this.

    In that case, would you be prepared to send your tap-reading program,
    and the tap tape image of `nsys' (and any other tap images) for me to
    peruse? I've already  written a tp(1) format reader by reverse-engineering
    the tp format.

    > I'm pretty sure that we didn't adopt [the C version of UNIX] as
    > the standard "production" system until about September 1973.  It is
    > very likely that the real "sys" was still in assembler.   Pipes were probably
    > added first to this version, given the evidence in "nsys."

    I suspected that you would have done development in parallel, and although
    this is not explicitly stated, I formed that impression while reading
    through the BSTJ Vol 63, No 8.

    Many thanks again for replying to my intrusions.

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1999 03:11:01 -0500
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    I've got some suggested emendations and amplifications
    that I intend to relate.  Bug me if I don't get to it soon.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Some comments.  They're not really corrections to a timeline,
    and are mostly amplifications.  Perhaps they suggest possible
    changes to the wording.

    -----

    		   Early dates of UNIX Development

    As accurately as we can tell, anyway! References given where possible.

    1969
    	Unknown: Ken creates `Space Travel'. It was first written on Multics,
    		then transliterated into Fortran for GECOS, then Ken and
    		Dennis rewrote Space Travel to run on the PDP-7
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]

    	Mid-year: Bell Labs withdraws from the Multics project
    		  [QCU pg 8]
    This date is probably OK for the official withdrawal, but the event
    was considerably more spread-out.  It was pretty obvious many months
    in advance that the support was likely to go away, and the machine
    stayed around for months after.

    	April, May, June: Ken is interested in writing a file system
    		  [QCU pg 8]
    The interest was older than this.  He did experiments with simulation
    of paging on Multics, for example.  He also wrote a rudimentary,
    completely stand-alone system for the Multics machine that achieved
    the equivalent of "Hello World" but gave it up when it became obvious
    that the hardware would not last.

    	Mid-year: Ken brings the file system to life on the PDP-7 in a month
    		  [QCU pg 10]

    The missing sequence here is that by the time B was developed, PDP-7 Unix
    was a 2-user system that already did a basic core of ancestral commands
    and was self-supporting (development done on itself).  So during the next
    months, extending into 1970, a useful programming environment visibly
    ancestral to current Unix was developed.  B was just a part of this.

    	Unknown: Ken develops the B language
    		  [QCU pg 34],
    		  [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]

    1970
    	Unknown: Peter Neumann coins the term `Unics', which is
    		subsequently changed to `Unix'
    		  [QCU pg 9]

    	Unknown: Alternatively, Brian Kernighan suggests the name `Unix'
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]

    The details here remain satisfyingly uncertain.   Brian does think
    he's likely to have invented the name; in recent correspondence,
    Neumann imagines he might have come up with "unics", but definitely not
    "unix."  Each is willing to concede to the other; neither is really sure.
    I retain a suspicion that I'm responsible for the Neumann attribution
    simply because I didn't remember then or now, and Neumann's
    punful propensity suggested his authorship, and now we're stuck
    with this guess.

    	Mid-year: The PDP-11/20 is purchased, with no disk drives
    		[QCU pg 35],
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]

    	3 months later: The disks arrive
    		  [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]

    	Unknown: Ken recodes the Unix kernel and some commands in PDP-11
    		assembly code
    		  [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]

    Actually much of the recoding even occurred before the disk was delivered.
    The basic system was running and executing commands, with
    a basic shell, cp and whatnot.   The 12KWords were divided into
    8KB for the system code and data, 8KB for running user programs,
    8KB for an in-memory file system.  This all used a cross-assembler
    written in B that ran on the PDP-7 and generated the -11 object
    programs.

    1971
    	January-March: PDP-11 version largely rewritten during this period
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/notes.html]
    Despite the above paragraph, it's true enough that the PDP-11 (with
    an 8KB "disk") couldn't be used for selt-supporting development.

    	February: PDP-11 Unix beccomes ``operational''
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html]

    	Unknown: Dennis extends B to be NB
    		  [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html]

    Maybe "throughout"?  The point is that although it's true enough
    that I can't reconstruct the dates, it also wasn't an event, it was
    a process.

    	Spring: roff rewritten in PDP-11 assembler language, starting from
    		the PDP-7 version that had been transliterated from
    		McIlroy's BCPL version on Multics, which had in turn been
    		inspired by J. Saltzer's runoff program on CTSS
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]

    	November: First Edition manuals were published
    		  [QCU pg 43]

    1972
    	January: The Labs issues a technical memorandum, written by Ken,
    		describing the B language on the PDP-11
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/kbman.html]

    I just found a manuscript dated 27 July 1971, that has essentially the
    same content as the more formal memorandum.

    	March: First manual for cc(1)
    		  [QCU pg 48]

    	March: UNIX is running on at least 5 PDP-11/20s
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/notes.html]

    	June: DEC starts to ship the PDP-11/45. The Labs purchases one
    		sonn after this
    		[http://www.village.org/pdp11/faq.pages/11model.html]
    soon

    	June: Second Edition manuals were published. 10 UNIX installations
    		  [QCU pg 43]

    	Unknown: Ken adds pipes to the assembly-language version of the kernel
    		[QCU pg 51],
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html]

    1973
    	January: the `nsys' kernel in the PUPS archive, written in C
    		[timestamps on the files]

    This is a bit problematical.  The dates you see are those recovered
    from bytes on a tape; they might be wrong because of misinterpretation,
    or uncertainty about the epoch.  It could be correct.  The September
    date below (switching over to the C version of the system, an early
    version of which is the "nsys" system) is probably OK.

    	February: Third Edition manuals were published. 16 UNIX installations
    		  [QCU pg 43]
    		  Kernel is still the assembly-language version
    		  [private email from dmr dated 7 Jan 1999]

    	September: The C version of the kernel is adopted over the
    		assembly-language version
    		  [private email from dmr dated 18 Jan 1999]

    	October: First UNIX paper, presented by Ken at the Fourth
        		ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html]

    	November: Fourth Edition manuals were published
    		  [QCU pg 43]

    1974
    	June: Fifth Edition manuals were published
    		  [QCU pg 43]

    This was the first Unix distribution in which the manual was coordinated
    with a recorded set of software.   Before this, when people got the software,
    they got what was on the disk at the moment and whatever manual
    we'd most recently printed.   The Fifth Edition was all collected in one
    reasonably coherent piece on tape.

    	July: Ken's SOSP published in Communications of the ACM, 17, No. 7
    		[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.html]
    Well, mine too.  The paper was always nominally co-written, though
    I did the writing (and Ken did most the ideas and more of the work).
    He was indeed the speaker at the SOSP session at Yorktown Heights.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Sat, 23 Jan 1999 01:57:36 -0500
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     > I was idly thinking, now that I've completed my Ph.D, if Bell Labs
     > would take someone for a sabbatical in a few years, perhaps for some
     > (current) Operating Systems work.

    Posed as is, the answer is "sure."  We have such visitors all the time.
    When the time comes, the specifics will need to be discussed
    in more detail, of course.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Tue, 26 Jan 1999 20:48:14 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au, johnh@psych.usyd.edu.au
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    Abt the the SOSP reference, I was correcting a typo, not responding
    in high dudgeon, I assure you.

    More than interesting to see the johnh mail about reviving this
    on a real 11/45 with real RK05s.   Amazing, in fact.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Sun, 31 Jan 1999 20:39:47 -0500
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    Norman sent me a version of this a couple of days ago.
    I suggested some minor fixes.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Tue, 2 Feb 1999 21:59:52 -0500
    To: johnh@psych.usyd.edu.au, wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: the photos
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    Glad Patrick found and sent on the higher-res image.
    He didn't mention to me that he'd turned it up
    (or his communication got lost amidst the other
    PR things we've been dealing with--in the event,
    I just fetched it all the way from Australia instead
    of across the campus.)

    It certainly is utterly diagnostic on the TTYs.

    The cabinet on the left might be be a tape controller
    (especially given the 12" magtapes atop). But although
    we might be chunky enough to conceal the transport, I
    suspect the leftmost cabinet had the RF11/RS11 fixed-head
    disks

    I'm still wondering about the display, but I guess it must
    be there. Later it was put on one shelf of another rack on
    the right.  Not too long after, another rack with the controller
    for the RP03s arrived and it would be on the left.

    Maybe I should be most impressed by the abundance of
    not-gray hair.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Avalanche of mail
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    You mean like this?  I dunno, somehow it gets dealt with, sometimes
    by ignoring.  This was a more active day than usual.

    	D.

    To: dmr@bell-labs.com
    Date: Tue Feb  2 12:01
    From: jla@pcdaltabuit.dgsca.unam.mx (Jose Luis Abelleyra)
    Hello:
    Apparently-To: dmr@bell-labs.com

    	My name is Jose Luis Abelleyra R. and I'm a college student. I'm iterested on the details of the C languege and that's why I'm writing you now. Would you mind telling me where I can find a/the C language specification for free? I'll be thankful at you.

     				Thanks a lot!
    ----

    >From mail.usask.ca!nmm367	Mon Feb  1 18:58
    From: Naiden M Markachev <nmm367@mail.usask.ca>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: A quick question.

    Hello Sir!

    About ten days ago I asked you for an eventual interview for the all
    canadian computer science students magazine that we started here at the
    Univeristy of Saskatchewan. The pilot issue is already a fact! :)
    You can have a look at it at:

    http://magazine.usask.ca

    -----

    >From mfasia.com.sg!isabelle_chan Tue Feb  2 06:07:05 EST 1999
    To: dmr@bell-labs.com
    From: Isabelle Chan <isabelle_chan@mfasia.com.sg>
    Subject: Comments on Linux

    Dear Dennis,

    I hope you remember me. We met early last year in Singapore during an
    interview arranged  by Jessica. I'm doing a story on Linux, and would
    appreciate it if you give me some comments on the following:

    1) Although Linux has been around for a long time, and has a loyal
    following, what are the reasons for the "sudden" huge interest in
    corporates (reasons other than users owning the source code and it being
    cheap?  .....

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Fri, 5 Feb 1999 20:25:47 -0500
    To: johnh@psych.usyd.edu.au, wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: the photos
    Status: RO
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    I resampled the very big image down to WWW-friendly size
    (but better than the one in the lucent.com museum) and put
    it under my home page with an approximately consensus account
    of the kit that is visible.  The leftmost cabinet's lights seem
    isomorphic to those on the RF11 controller pictured in the old
    Peripherals Handbook I have.

    John,

     > I'm starting to miss the 'good old days', where I could track faults down to
     > chip level using a CRO and circuits ....

    Have you checked out the KS-11 story?  It's in
     http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/odd.html

    	Best regards,
    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Wed, 10 Feb 1999 23:08:09 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
    Subject: Re: Reprints of old BSTJ?
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    I got substantially the same letter from Peng.  I had already mentioned
    the possibility of another reprint of the BSTJ/AT&TTJ issues to the
    PR people, but haven't pursued the matter.  I do note that this already happened
    once:  there are two volumes entitled Unix System: Readings and
    Applications (v I and II), with ISBN 0-13-938532-0 and
    0-13-939845-7) published in 1987 by Prentice-Hall.  They
    are reprintings of the original journals.

    It's possible that P-H and the company may think this is going to
    the well too many times (more precisely, say "sure!  are you
    willing to pay?")

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/02/11
    Received: (from wkt@localhost)
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.1/8.9.1) id PAA27333;
    	Thu, 11 Feb 1999 15:23:14 +1100 (EST)
    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <199902110423.PAA27333@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Reprints of old BSTJ?
    In-Reply-To: <199902110408.PAA09443@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Feb 10, 1999 11: 8: 9 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Thu, 11 Feb 1999 15:23:13 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > I got substantially the same letter from Peng.  I had already mentioned
    > the possibility of another reprint of the BSTJ/AT&TTJ issues to the
    > PR people, but haven't pursued the matter.
    > I do note that this already happened
    > once:  there are two volumes entitled Unix System: Readings and
    > Applications (v I and II), with ISBN 0-13-938532-0 and
    > 0-13-939845-7) published in 1987 by Prentice-Hall.  They
    > are reprintings of the original journals.
    >
    > It's possible that P-H and the company may think this is going to
    > the well too many times (more precisely, say "sure!  are you
    > willing to pay?")

    I guess, if P-H only has the publishing rights, and not the copyright,
    that Lucent could place the old papers (in some format) on the Web.

    Thanks again,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/08/28
    Received: (from wkt@localhost)
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.1) id NAA06215;
    	Sat, 28 Aug 1999 13:53:36 +1000 (EST)
    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <199908280353.NAA06215@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: dsw
    In-Reply-To: <199908270723.RAA00254@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Aug 27, 1999  3:23:43 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 13:53:36 +1000 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > You may have received the dsw mail more than once too,
    > since I sent it to you (with some address) and to PUPS, which
    > appeared to bounce, and then again just now, which partially did.
    > There have been some network instabilities here, and one
    > can't discount operator error.

    It seems your mail system can't recognise wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au
    (my desktop box), but it can recognise wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au (a mail alias)

    > I don't have a problem with copying the compilers, more
    > or less as a mirror.   I wonder if anyone will try to revive them?

    8-) If I just had some more time. After getting the 3rd Edition nsys
    kernel working, I've realised that doing this is like reviving
    dinosaur DNA: you need the correct environment for it to work. It's
    fortunate that the 5th Edition is still in existence, AND there are
    working PDP-11 emulators. If/when I get to those two compilers, I'll
    start with V5 and a working emulator as the environment.

    > I've been in conversation recently with Dan Bricklin, of VisiCalc fame. ...
    > http://www.bricklin.com/history/vcpostingreactions.htm .

    Thanks for the URL. I still have a VisiCalc disk image for an Apple ][,
    and an Apple ][ emulator. In fact, up until two years ago, VisiCalc was
    the only spreadsheet program I'd ever used.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/08/30
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) with SMTP id OAA11894
    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Mon, 30 Aug 1999 14:26:05 +1000 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Message-Id: <199908300426.OAA11894@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: dsw
    Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 00:25:26 -0400
    To: wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au
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    As a test, I'm sending this via henry.  There have been some
    disturbances; maybe the storm is over.

    It'll be interesting to see whether anyone gets one of the
    primeval compilers working.  It might indeed be like
    recreating T. Rex from preserved DNA.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/08/30
    Received: from csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (csadfa-21.cs.adfa.edu.au [131.236.21.6])
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    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Mon, 30 Aug 1999 16:07:37 +1000 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.0/8.9.0) with SMTP id QAA12887
    	for <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>; Mon, 30 Aug 1999 16:07:33 +1000 (EST)
    Message-Id: <199908300607.QAA12887@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: dsw
    Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 02:07:15 -0400
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    I looked at the slides--look OK to me.  I was strongly tempted to
    come to the event, but September is a bad month w.r.t. work things.

    About the specific slide you sent--if you want to be certain
    of correctness in all details, you might just say 1973 instead of 1972.
    >From 1999's viewpoint, it's equally impressive, but  several things are better
    documented historically for '73 than '72-- things were changing
    fast.  The later things (not in from the start, but indeed in by 1973) were
    OS written in C, pipes, approximately the current form of signals.

    Incidentally, some features mentioned that were in from
    absolutely the very start (the magic 30 years) were

    	multiple concurrent and named users (passwords later)

    	multiple processes (not protected, because the hardware
    	  didn't have it) with swapping

    	sort of hierarchical file system
    	permissions
    	hard links
    	devices accessed as files

    	open close read write seek operations on files

    Things certainly added '71-'73-- C, pipes, passwords,
    approximately modern form of signals.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/08/30
    Received: from csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (csadfa-21.cs.adfa.edu.au [131.236.21.6])
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) with ESMTP id HAA13771
    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 31 Aug 1999 07:19:00 +1000 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.0/8.9.0) with SMTP id HAA15579
    	for <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 31 Aug 1999 07:18:58 +1000 (EST)
    Message-Id: <199908302118.HAA15579@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Reprints of old BSTJ?
    Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 17:18:46 -0400
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    MIME-Version: 1.0
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    There might be an AT&T vs Lucent issue in the permissions.
    Probably more relevant is the form--the reprinting was
    done photographically, and only some of the papers
    existed in machine readable form.  They are also quite
    scattered (e.g. I have not been able to locate some of
    mine).

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/1999/08/30
    Received: from csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (csadfa-21.cs.adfa.edu.au [131.236.21.6])
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) with ESMTP id GAA13705
    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 31 Aug 1999 06:20:42 +1000 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.0/8.9.0) with SMTP id GAA11663
    	for <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 31 Aug 1999 06:20:03 +1000 (EST)
    Message-Id: <199908302020.GAA11663@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: the s2 tape
    Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 16:19:48 -0400
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    MIME-Version: 1.0
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
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    Lines: 7519

    is below (uuencoded)

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    MP1425>&5( #?%?S_S/[?%;PTP/[#%\3^WQ?"_L3^WQ4" ,S^WQ6$ \#^PA4@
    M2$H)"@!*"08 X94Z -\0Q/[?%1@ P/[#%\3^WQ?"_L3^2@D* $H)"@ ""H"<
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    M93  Q/[AE\3^ @'AE2  X94@ *&8H9BAF.&5( # %0$ !(D$50X P14@5=\)
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    M=6Q!=6=397!/8W1.;W9$96-Q-0( ! - %=\)*D2% , 5+0#?"2I$U0N% !\*
    MPOY?%<#^WV4P ,+^X9?"_H4 7PD21G@ AP!#' 0 .P- ' H WPG,10B)(%4
    M #2' A#7(  "#(??"6A%@! $B0Q   (PAQ<@  (M @/@\0'W$ P "@/?"6A%
    M@! $B0Q  $ AAS<@^/\> H 0!HEWG , !
    M
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    M  @Z2 $P#P  "#ID%R0$:@ ([@ >     -Y!  #T0P   P $ +Y    ! /I_
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    M
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    M     $@H  !T*D@!2"A:    "#I( 3 /   (.F07) 1J  CN !X     WD$
    M /1#   #  0 OD    $ ^G\  &$N;W5T
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    /

    end

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2000/01/04
    Received: from csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au [131.236.21.6])
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) with ESMTP id RAA09013
    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 4 Jan 2000 17:58:23 +1100 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.cs.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.0/8.9.0) with SMTP id RAA10252
    	for <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 4 Jan 2000 17:58:21 +1100 (EST)
    Message-Id: <200001040658.RAA10252@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Happy New Year + 1stEd binaries run again
    Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2000 01:58:10 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    MIME-Version: 1.0
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
    Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
    Status: RO
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     > 	Merry Christmas & Happy 2000 to you and your family. I hope you
     > didn't suffer too many Y2K problems. None to report here.

    Likewise on all counts!  As a giggle I did fix a troff -ms bug (on Plan 9)
    that is widely shared in many environments wherein the date when
    converted to a string was January 1 19100. It all owes, I suppose,
    to the C routine that returns year-1900 and lots of programs
    catenate two digits to "19".

     > This e-mail contains some new observations, reports and requests on early
     > Unixes. I hope you don't mind my requests. It is summer break here, and I
     > have been working on my PDP-11 a.out emulator. By using your on-line 1st
     > Edition manuals, I can now run the 0405-magic a.out binaries on the `s2'

    In some ways it's like summer break here (aside from the holidays)
    because the temperature was 65F today.  Not the usual January.

    I'm not sure what to do about the early-70s date issue.  It looks likely
    that some of the files are mis-epoched, but I haven't worked out
    the details.  As you know the epoch did change more than once.
    The extraction program has an idea (based on whether it was a tap
    or tp tape) of which to use, and the exact code that interprets the
    bits is on tap tapes is now

    long
    cvtime(unsigned char *tp)
    {
    	unsigned long t = (tp[1]<<24)+(tp[0]<<16)+(tp[3]<<8)+(tp[2]<<0);
    	t /= 60;
    	t += 3*365*24*3600;
    	return t;
    }

    which seems to reduce 60ths sec to sec, then normalize to 3 years
    before that epoch.  It appears that there's no such routine for tp
    tapes (so I guess that the "standard" epoch had been adopted by
    then).

     > I'd be interested to know any details you have about the origins of the s2
     > tape, especially who are jack, peter, jay, bob, sun and lee in /etc/uids.

    I don't know the origins, and in particular who jack etc. are, and why
    they are the only personal names in the password file.  I can think
    of some possibilities, but the tape snapshot was clearly not taken
    of our main machine.  (Lee could be conceivably be Lee McMahon, whose usual
    or maybe later login name was lem; peter could be Peter McIlroy,
    Doug McIlroy's son; but the collection is an odd one).  I'm wondering
    whether the tape might have been made on an offshoot or
    cloned system.

    I'll try to dredge up the s1 and s2 bits once I figure out the current
    magical bindings for ftp.  I have never decrypted s1.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2000/01/04
    Received: from csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au [131.236.21.6])
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    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Wed, 5 Jan 2000 14:19:19 +1100 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.cs.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.0/8.9.0) with SMTP id OAA17000
    	for <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>; Wed, 5 Jan 2000 14:19:17 +1100 (EST)
    Message-Id: <200001050319.OAA17000@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Happy New Year + 1stEd binaries run again
    Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2000 22:19:01 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    MIME-Version: 1.0
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     > Could you send me the program you wrote to decode s2-bits? I had a
     > quick look at s1: I don't recognise the format. I thought it might
     > be a dump of a filesystem, but there are full pathnames in the file,
     > which suggests otherwise.

    I haven't done full "cryptanalysis" on s1, but I can't figure out
    what it is.  But you're right that there is something there.

    Attached below is  the "plugin" for tapfs (part of the plan 9 things that
    mount things as file systems).  It's the only part that's tap-specific.

    Just got your latest mail--as I said, I don't recognize the format of s1
    either.  My headers for s2 are consistent with yours, I think, modulo
    date understanding.  (And mapping of permissions etc into Plan 9).
    For example:

    --r---wxrw- M 10745 79524 28 1912 Jan  3  1973 bin/form

    The M 10745 79524 28 part is just Plan 9; there's a possible year
    ambiguity; the day difference is probably US vs AU.

    	---

    #include <u.h>
    #include <libc.h>
    #include "tapefs.h"

    /*
     * File system for old tap tapes.
     */

    struct tap {
    	unsigned char	name[32];
    	unsigned char	mode[1];
    	unsigned char	uid[1];
    	unsigned char	size[2];
    	unsigned char	tmod[4];
    	unsigned char	taddress[2];
    	unsigned char	unused[20];
    	unsigned char	checksum[2];
    } dir[192];

    int	tapefile;
    char	buffer[8192];
    long	cvtime(unsigned char *);

    void
    populate(char *name)
    {
    	int i, isabs;
    	struct tap *tpp;
    	Fileinf f;

    	replete = 1;
    	tapefile = open(name, OREAD);
    	if (tapefile<0)
    		error("Can't open argument file");
    	read(tapefile, dir, sizeof dir);
    	for (i=0, tpp=&dir[8]; i<192; i++, tpp++) {
    		unsigned char *sp = (unsigned char *)tpp;
    		int j, cksum = 0;
    		for (j=0; j<32; j++, sp+=2)
    			cksum += sp[0] + (sp[1]<<8);
    		cksum &= 0xFFFF;
    		if (cksum!=0) {
    			print("cksum failure\n");
    			continue;
    		}
    		if (tpp->name[0]=='\0')
    			continue;
    		f.addr = (void *)(tpp->taddress[0] + (tpp->taddress[1]<<8));
    		if (f.addr==0)
    			continue;
    		f.size = tpp->size[0] + (tpp->size[1]<<8);
    		f.mdate = cvtime(tpp->tmod);
    		f.mode = tpp->mode[0]&0777;
    		isabs = tpp->name[0]=='/';
    		f.name = (char *)tpp->name+isabs;
    		poppath(f, 1);
    	}
    }

    long
    cvtime(unsigned char *tp)
    {
    	unsigned long t = (tp[1]<<24)+(tp[0]<<16)+(tp[3]<<8)+(tp[2]<<0);
    	t /= 60;
    	t += 3*365*24*3600;
    	return t;
    }

    void
    popdir(Ram *r)
    {
    	USED(r);
    }

    void
    dotrunc(Ram *r)
    {
    	USED(r);
    }

    void
    docreate(Ram *r)
    {
    	USED(r);
    }

    char *
    doread(Ram *r, long off, long cnt)
    {
    	if (cnt>sizeof(buffer))
    		print("count too big\n");
    	seek(tapefile, 512*(int)r->data+off, 0);
    	read(tapefile, buffer, cnt);
    	return buffer;
    }

    void
    dowrite(Ram *r, char *buf, long off, long cnt)
    {
    	USED(r); USED(buf); USED(off); USED(cnt);
    }

    int
    dopermw(Ram *r)
    {
    	USED(r);
    	return 0;
    }

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2000/01/04
    Received: from csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au [131.236.21.6])
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) with ESMTP id TAA09290
    	for <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 4 Jan 2000 19:05:10 +1100 (EST)
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Received: from plan9.cs.bell-labs.com (plan9.bell-labs.com [204.178.31.2])
    	by csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.0/8.9.0) with SMTP id TAA10549
    	for <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>; Tue, 4 Jan 2000 19:05:07 +1100 (EST)
    Message-Id: <200001040805.TAA10549@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Happy New Year + 1stEd binaries run again
    Date: Tue, 4 Jan 2000 03:04:56 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    Try doing anonymous ftp to plan9.bell-labs.com, looking in directory
    incoming/dmr .   Files are s1-bits and s2-bits.

    Let me know if it works.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2000/01/05
    Received: (from wkt@localhost)
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) id NAA18696;
    	Wed, 5 Jan 2000 13:58:25 +1100 (EST)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <200001050258.NAA18696@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: More on s2-bits archive
    In-Reply-To: <200001040805.TAA10549@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 4, 2000  3: 4:56 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2000 13:58:25 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4ME+ PL43 (25)]
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Let me know if it works.
    > 	Dennis

    Dennis, I've modified my emulator to seek properly on /dev files in 1st Ed.
    The following list gives details of all the files in the s2-bits tap-format
    archive. The first columns are a direct copy of a listing done with the
    emulated 1st Edition tap(1) from the s2-bits tape.

    The 2nd last column gives the file's modified timestamp (in decimal)
    as recorded in the archive: I captured the smdate(2) argument as tap(1)
    tried to extract the archive. This is in 1/60th second units. The epoch
    is possibly 1971, but this is not certain.

    The last column gives the timestamp (in hexadecimal) after it has been
    converted to seconds since 1970, assuming an epoch of 1971 as above.

    The list is sorted by the TAP DATE column.

    MODE  UID SIZE  TAPA    DATE     NAME		TAP DATE    SECONDS
    =============================================================================
    -rwrw  0 16448  538 Jan  1 00:33 /core		121912 ->  0x1e13b6f
    -rwrw 10    54  529 Jan  1 00:52 /usr/x		188944 ->  0x1e13fcd
    -rwrw 10    84  474 Jan  1 00:58 /usr/jack/x.f	209544 ->  0x1e14124
    -rwrw  0   312  490 Jan  1 00:58 /usr/jack/x.o	210381 ->  0x1e14132
    xrwrw  0  7514  475 Jan  1 00:58 /usr/jack/a.out	210836 ->  0x1e14139
    -r-r-  1  1664  533 Jan  1 01:31 /tmp/etma	328795 ->  0x1e148e7
    -rwrw  1   670  530 Jan  1 01:33 /usr/ken/maki.s	336810 ->  0x1e1496d
    -rwr-  0   142  532 Jan  1 01:33 /tmp/utmp	337991 ->  0x1e14981
    -rwrw  0   512  259 Jan  1 01:33 /etc/std0	338378 ->  0x1e14987
    xrwrw  0   698  229 Jan  1 01:35 /bin/maki	344095 ->  0x1e149e6
    -rwrw  0    26  537 Jan  1 01:35 /tmp/ttmp	344821 ->  0x1e149f3
    -rwrw  0 16448  260 Jan  1 01:36 /usr/sys/core	347684 ->  0x1e14a22
    -rwr-  1  1928  298 Jan  1 01:36 /usr/sys/maki.s	348923 ->  0x1e14a37
    xrwrw  0  2192  293 Jan  1 01:37 /usr/sys/a.out	349375 ->  0x1e14a3e
    xrwr-  3  1912  135 Jan  4 17:05 /bin/form	19243860 ->  0x1e6185b
    urwr-  0  3940  142 Jan  5 19:26 /bin/mail	24936840 ->  0x1e78afe
    xrwr-  1  2662  241 Jan  6 18:01 /etc/glob	29812654 ->  0x1e8c86d
    xrwr-  1   186  240 Jan  6 18:01 /etc/msh	29812724 ->  0x1e8c86e
    urwr-  0   784   50 Jan 17 17:46 /bin/mv	86785042 ->  0x1f74591
    xrwr-  3   134  114 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/cat	86808907 ->  0x1f7471f
    xrwr-  3    82   25 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/chmod	86808926 ->  0x1f7471f
    xrwr-  3   420   93 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/cmp	86808947 ->  0x1f7471f
    xrwr-  3   160   48 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/cp	86808966 ->  0x1f74720
    xrwr-  3   464   79 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/du	86809052 ->  0x1f74721
    xrwr-  3   104   49 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/ln	86809162 ->  0x1f74723
    xrwr-  3  2010   42 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/ls	86809182 ->  0x1f74723
    xrwr-  3   154  126 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/mesg	86809205 ->  0x1f74724
    xrwr-  3    70  121 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/rew	86809297 ->  0x1f74725
    xrwr-  3    93   52 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/rm	86809316 ->  0x1f74725
    xrwr-  3  1026   54 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/stat	86809356 ->  0x1f74726
    xrwr-  3    80  125 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/tty	86809419 ->  0x1f74727
    xrwr-  3   524   57 Jan 17 17:53 /bin/write	86809532 ->  0x1f74729
    xrwr-  3   560   77 Jan 17 17:54 /bin/who	86813788 ->  0x1f74770
    xrwr-  3   644  139 Jan 17 17:54 /bin/wc	86813793 ->  0x1f74770
    xrwr-  3   750  164 Jan 17 17:54 /bin/skip	86813802 ->  0x1f74770
    xrwr-  3  1166  115 Jan 17 17:54 /bin/pr	86813803 ->  0x1f74770
    xrwr-  3   300  141 Jan 17 17:54 /bin/od	86813807 ->  0x1f74770
    xrwr-  3  1844  159 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/if	86819396 ->  0x1f747cd
    xrwr-  3  1154  156 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/goto	86819398 ->  0x1f747cd
    xrwr-  3   276  163 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/exit	86819403 ->  0x1f747ce
    xrwr-  3  1054  153 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/echo	86819406 ->  0x1f747ce
    xrwr-  3   244   60 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/dsw	86819407 ->  0x1f747ce
    xrwr-  3  5922   80 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/bas	86819408 ->  0x1f747ce
    xrwr-  3    16  152 Jan 17 17:56 /bin/:		86819410 ->  0x1f747ce
    xrwr-  1   954   32 Jan 19 17:20 /bin/sh	97059255 ->  0x1f9e276
    xrwr-  3  2310  103 Jan 26 17:20 /bin/ar	133346922 ->  0x2031cf0
    xrwr-  3  1048  166 Jan 31 18:14 /bin/stty	159458885 ->  0x209c0f0
    xrwrw  6  2860  169 Mar  7 12:23 /bin/cal	339637168 ->  0x237934b
    -rwr-  3  2082  233 Mar 28 16:42 /etc/suftab	449432781 ->  0x2537f72
    urwr-  0  1290   28 Mar 29 15:19 /bin/login	454317684 ->  0x254bd79
    xrwr-  3  4066   95 Mar 29 16:42 /bin/db	454616955 ->  0x254d0f5
    xrwrw  3    76   94 Apr  6 19:42 /bin/chball	496735250 ->  0x25f8708
    xrwrw  3   446  232 Apr  7 16:40 /etc/getty	501264829 ->  0x260aded
    xrwr-  3  6846  176 Apr 14 20:50 /bin/dc	538454712 ->  0x26a2325
    urwr-  0   794   26 Apr 20 23:45 /bin/date	570186721 ->  0x2723508
    urwr-  0   746  190 May  3 22:54 /bin/su	637395674 ->  0x2834c9d
    xrwr-  3  3998  127 May 10 15:23 /bin/ed	672059949 ->  0x28c1d67
    xrwr-  3   330  213 May 27 00:21 /bin/find	756940137 ->  0x2a1b374
    xrwr-  3   480   59 May 27 00:21 /bin/strip	756940428 ->  0x2a1b379
    urwr-  1   872  211 May 27 00:26 /bin/ds	756957948 ->  0x2a1b49d
    xrwr- 10  2730  192 May 27 23:37 /bin/fc	761966733 ->  0x2a2fab5
    xrwrw  3 17092  346 Jun  6 21:26 /usr/lib/c1	813333853 ->  0x2b00aec
    -rwrw  0  3498  339 Jun  9 17:10 /usr/lib/bilib.a	827964344 ->  0x2b3c36d
    -rwrw  0  6626  326 Jun 20 10:47 /usr/lib/libb.a	883611316 ->  0x2c1ea47
    xrwr-  3  7582  214 Jun 30 17:45 /bin/as	936955268 ->  0x2cf7b31
    xrwrw  3  5778  247 Jun 30 17:47 /etc/as2	936962166 ->  0x2cf7ba4
    xrwr-  3   238  118 Jun 30 18:37 /bin/un	937143109 ->  0x2cf876b
    -rwrw  0 12158  302 Jun 30 18:40 /usr/lib/liba.a	937154143 ->  0x2cf8823
    xrwr-  3  2942  108 Jun 30 19:26 /bin/ld	937319472 ->  0x2cf92e7
    xrwr-  3   518   75 Jun 30 20:09 /bin/nm	937472871 ->  0x2cf9ce3
    xrwr-  3  1446  208 Jun 30 20:15 /bin/size	937496145 ->  0x2cf9e67
    -rwrw 28   304  448 Jun 30 20:31 /usr/lib/fr0.o	937553564 ->  0x2cfa224
    -rwrw 28 12222  449 Jun 30 20:37 /usr/lib/filib.a	937573356 ->  0x2cfa36e
    -rwrw 28  9158  419 Jun 30 20:46 /usr/lib/libf.a	937606048 ->  0x2cfa58f
    -rwrw  0   108  473 Jun 30 21:11 /usr/lib/crt0.o	937696858 ->  0x2cfab78
    -rwrw  0  5242  437 Jun 30 21:20 /usr/lib/libc.a	937728015 ->  0x2cfad80
    xrwrw  3 19948  380 Jun 30 21:21 /usr/lib/c0	937734428 ->  0x2cfadeb
    xrwrw  3  4672  198 Jun 30 21:53 /bin/cc	937848855 ->  0x2cfb55e
    xrwr- 28  3462  491 Jul  1 16:35 /usr/fort/fc1	941888104 ->  0x2d0bc57
    xrwr- 28  3238  498 Jul  1 16:35 /usr/fort/fc2	941888184 ->  0x2d0bc58
    xrwr- 28  6840  505 Jul  1 16:35 /usr/fort/fc3	941888472 ->  0x2d0bc5d
    xrwr- 28  4918  519 Jul  1 16:35 /usr/fort/fc4	941888613 ->  0x2d0bc5f
    xrwrw  3   214  175 Jul 15 01:21 /bin/sum	1011175062 ->  0x2e25b35
    xrwr-  4  7154   61 Jul 21 12:42 /bin/roff	1044729738 ->  0x2eae3c2
    urwr-  0   282   53 Sep 28 21:37 /bin/rmdir	1404349922 ->  0x3465888
    urwr-  0   232   31 Nov  6 21:42 /bin/mkdir	1606544287 ->  0x379c43a
    urwr-  1   192   92 Nov 22 19:35 /bin/df	1689030995 ->  0x38ebe74
    urwr-  1  1084  122 Nov 22 19:35 /bin/check	1689030997 ->  0x38ebe74
    xrwr-  3   718   46 Nov 22 22:51 /bin/chown	1689737545 ->  0x38eec74
    xrwr-  3   604  150 Nov 22 22:51 /bin/sort	1689737557 ->  0x38eec74
    urwr-  1   790  119 Nov 26 14:24 /bin/tm	1708647263 ->  0x393bb8e
    urwr-  0  3678   34 Dec 31 04:08 /bin/tap	1887871165 ->  0x3c14fc7

    -rw--  1   221  239 Feb  6 14:35 /etc/passwd	2081934621 ->  0x3f2aa1e
    -rwr-  1    70  238 Feb  6 14:38 /etc/uids	2081948231 ->  0x3f2ab01
    xrwr-  1   424  231 Feb  6 14:50 /etc/init	2081988977 ->  0x3f2ada8

    Note that the tap timestamp of 2081988977 for /etc/init is approximately
    13 months. Therefore, the February for the last 3 files is the one in
    the year after all the other archive files.

    Note also that the C compiler passes, and the library, are dated in June
    of the epoch year. Given that you have said that ``1972-73 were the truly
    formative years in the development of the C language'', it's therefore
    unlikely that the epoch for the s2 tape is 1971: it must be 1972.

    I've used the emulated 1st Ed tap(1) to extract all the files from the
    archive, and have created a gzipped tar archive of the files. You can
    retrieve this via anonymous ftp to minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au in
    incoming/s2-bits.tar.gz. I used 1972 as the epoch when doing this.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Some Success with s1-bits archive
    Date: Thu, 6 Jan 2000 01:03:10 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    You've had more success than I in the archeology of s1.

     > What was the process of changing epochs when timestamps were in clicks,
     > both in the rebuilding of the binaries, and in the system itself?

    I think epoch changes (in the 60th-sec era)  were done by writing a program that
    looked at all the inodes on the disk and in some way adjusted
    them back (subtract a year).  I don't remember whether this was clamped at the earliest
    representable date or otherwise how unrepresentable dates were
    dealt with.  There was enough churn that probably few things on the disk
    could not be adjusted.   I seem to remember that at least some DECtapes
    were similarly adjusted.  With just an epoch change, probably most
    programs didn't need to be recompiled just for that (only those
    that displayed dates).  But of course things tended to be recompiled
    frequently for other reasons.

    I'm a little confused about this--

     > Now to s2-bits. It looks like most files have contiguous blocks. I did
     > a visual inspection of the file, and broke it into fragments. The list of
     > fragments found are described below. A copy of the fragments can be obtained
     > by anonymous ftp to minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au in the file
     > incoming/s2-fragments.tar.gz

    This means s1-bits, right?  I collected your fragments archive in any case.
    I'm guessing that s1 is likely to be part of a disk dump onto tape.
    Correlation of the contents (the fragments you found are
    mostly recognizable) with manuals probably will yield
    approximate dates.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Some Success with s1-bits archive
    Date: Thu, 6 Jan 2000 15:03:34 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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     > Thanks for that. I'm still trying to think why the s2-bits archive has
     > both 0405- and 0407-magic a.out files. From your comments, it looks
     > unlikely that a significant number of files from two epochs could be
     > in a filesystem at the same time. Alternatively, perhaps the kernel
     > supported both types of a.out files. Can you remember if the kernel
     > ever had simultaneous support for both (some sort of transition period)?

    Now that I'm at work and have looked at the manuals, I think
    I've solved many of the questions.

    1st edition a.out magic was 405; 2nd (Nov 1971) was 407.  This was
    in preparation for first the KS11 memory management and then
    the 11/45.  The two objects files were compatible; the difference
    was the  bigger header with more space (for bss size and entry
    point).

    In the 3rd edition (March 1972) the 11/45 or at least the
    KS-11was standard but the
    a.out header was still 407.   Stack started at 57000; the
    I/O page had to be mapped in to get the EAE device.
     I would suspect that programs were still loaded at virtual 40000.

    In the 4th edition (Nov 1973) the C system had been
    installed and the two possible a.out headers were
    407 and 410.  The 410 header indicated a write-protected
    text segment that could be shared. (Later, 411 would be
    separate I and D).  Stack started at 177776.

     > I don't suppose you recorded the handwritten labels from the original
     > DECtapes? I always try to copy them over as well; they can help where
     > the tape contents are uncertain.

    I believe they just said S1 and S2 (no dates).

     > Ken's modified C compiler (as noted in his Turing award speech) came up
     > on the mailing list yesterday. I'm sure I remember reading that he actually
     > did release this in the labs. Do you know of any on-line references?

    I've mentioned it in netnews.  It was in a sense released, but
    "implanted" is a better word.  It was not on a distribution.
    Ken sent it to the Raritan River PWB group, saying "here
    is a new compiler.  I think you have to install the binaries;
    your current compiler might not handle compiling the source."
    They ran it for a few months; at some point I think they
    looked at the symbol table for some reason and saw
    some things they didn't understand so they recompiled
    it, using an old compiler.  Or conceivably they ran
    cpp on the compiler.  and looked at the output (it was actually
    cpp that was bugged).  However, I don't think they ever worked out
    what had happened exactly and the cpp output would
    have been pretty clear, though not the magic involved.

    One thing I've always wondered about was whether
    they ever redistributed it.  Mashey doubts this,
    but isn't absolutely positive.  Certainly it didn't
    spread far.  It is a fragile virus.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Some Success with s1-bits archive
    Date: Fri, 7 Jan 2000 14:53:22 -0500
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    OK, here is a better table, with some new facts:

    First edition: November 1971
    	a.out: 405
    	epoch: Jan 1 1971 (60ths)
    	dump format: tap

    Second edition: June 1972
    	a.out: 407 (405 OK)
    	epoch: Jan 1, 1971 (60ths)
    	dump format: tap

    Third edition: February 1973
    	a.out: 407
    	epoch: Jan 1, 1972 (60ths)
    	dump format: tap

    Fourth edition: November 1973 (first C system)
    	a.out: 407, 410
    	epoch: Jan 1, 1970 (seconds)
    	dump format: tp

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Some Success with s1-bits archive
    Date: Fri, 7 Jan 2000 01:48:38 -0500
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    I will recheck the dates.  I looked at them earlier today
    but did some cut'n'paste in the mail and might have
    mistyped also.  (Esp. in the attribution of 3rd to '72 sted 73; but
    tomorrow instead jotting down notes from the shelved manuals
    I will get manuals all together and do it more systematically).

    One problem is that I suspect that the tap-format tapes
    of which I have copies probably have more than one
    epoch, and the program has just one epoch built in.

    Feel free to post the C compiler story.  (BTW, I just looked
    at the minnie mailing list archives and have seen comments
    through Foust on 7 Jan Oz time).  It's still correct but I garbled
    a bit.  Slightly edited version:

    ---
    Ken's modified C compiler (the neat thing in his Turing award speech)
    came up on the mailing list.  I've talked about the story in netnews,
    but either Deja no longer goes back far enough or I didn't think
    of the right search keys.

    The bugged compiler was in a sense released, but probably
    "implanted" is a better word.  It was not on a distribution.
    Ken sent it to the Raritan River PWB group at the Labs, saying "here
    is a new compiler.  I think you have to install the binaries;
    your current compiler might not handle compiling the source."
    They ran it for a few months; at some point I think they
    looked at the symbol table for some reason and saw
    some things they didn't understand so they recompiled
    it, using an old compiler.  Or conceivably they ran
    cpp on the main compiler,  and looked at the output--it was actually
    cpp that was bugged.  However, I don't think they ever worked out
    what had happened exactly, just felt that something was funny.
    >From our point of view, the hole just disappeared at some
    point.

    One thing I've always wondered about was whether
    PWB ever redistributed it unknowingly.  Mashey doubts this,
    but isn't utterly positive.  Certainly it didn't spread far--
    it is a fragile virus.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
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    Subject: Re: Some Success with s1-bits archive
    In-Reply-To: <200001062003.HAA01880@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 6, 2000  3: 3:34 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Fri, 7 Jan 2000 09:56:05 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Now that I'm at work and have looked at the manuals, I think I've
    > solved many of the questions.
    >
    > 1st edition a.out magic was 405; 2nd (Nov 1971) was 407.  This was
    > in preparation for first the KS11 memory management and then the
    > 11/45.  The two objects files were compatible; the difference was
    > the  bigger header with more space (for bss size and entry point).
    >
    > In the 3rd edition (March 1972) the 11/45 or at least the KS-11 was
    > standard but the a.out header was still 407.   Stack started at
    > 57000; the I/O page had to be mapped in to get the EAE device.
    > I would suspect that programs were still loaded at virtual 40000.
    >
    > In the 4th edition (Nov 1973) the C system had been installed and
    > the two possible a.out headers were 407 and 410.  The 410 header
    > indicated a write-protected text segment that could be shared.
    > (Later, 411 would be separate I and D).  Stack started at 177776.

    I don't want to appear facetious, but according to Peter Salus' book
    ``A Quarter Century of UNIX'', the dates were:

    1st Edition     November 3, 1971        [QCU]   QCU= A Quarter Century of UNIX
    2nd Edition     June 12, 1972           [QCU]        Peter Salus
    3rd Edition     February, 1973          [QCU]        Addison-Wesley
    4th Edition     November, 1973          [QCU]        ISBN 0-201-54777-5

    Assume 1972 was the epoch for the s2-bits tape, and that the correct
    timestamps for the files range from Jan 1, 1972 to Feb 6, 1973. This
    puts some files after the release of 1st Edition, some leading up to
    and after 2nd Edition [KS11 and prep for 11/45 as noted above]. The
    C compiler binaries have dates in June, 1972, which seems consistent
    with the notion that Ken tried to rewrite the kernel in summer '72 but
    gave up, and that a working C kernel (aka `nsys') was in existence
    in late Jan, 1973. 3rd Edition came out in Feb, 1973, still as an assembly
    kernel, with the migration to a C kernel done by 4th Edition in Nov, 1973.

    That's my gut feeling as to why I think 1972 was the epoch for s2-bits.
    1971 is too early: there wasn't a C compiler in June 1971. 1973 would be
    too late: you wouldn't have that many 0405-magic a.outs lying around.

    However, what you've told me above about the a.out environment for 2nd
    and 3rd Editions will be invaluable when I come to emulating them :-)

    >  > I don't suppose you recorded the handwritten labels from the original
    >  > DECtapes?
    > I believe they just said S1 and S2 (no dates).

    Damn. Oh well.

    >  > Ken's modified C compiler (as noted in his Turing award speech) came up
    > I've mentioned it in netnews.  It was in a sense released, but
    > "implanted" is a better word.  It was not on a distribution.
    > Ken sent it to the Raritan River PWB group, saying "here
    > is a new compiler.  I think you have to install the binaries;
    > your current compiler might not handle compiling the source."
    > They ran it for a few months; at some point I think they
    > looked at the symbol table for some reason and saw
    > some things they didn't understand so they recompiled
    > it, using an old compiler.  Or conceivably they ran
    > cpp on the compiler.  and looked at the output (it was actually
    > cpp that was bugged).  However, I don't think they ever worked out
    > what had happened exactly and the cpp output would
    > have been pretty clear, though not the magic involved.
    >
    > One thing I've always wondered about was whether
    > they ever redistributed it.  Mashey doubts this,
    > but isn't absolutely positive.  Certainly it didn't
    > spread far.  It is a fragile virus.
    > 	Dennis

    Many thanks for that! May I pass it on to the list?

    Sometimes I wonder what you think of my interest in these old systems.
    I'm sure you have enough work to do with present system to worry about
    the code you guys wrote nearly 30 years ago.

    Thanks again!

    	Warren

    From wkt@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au, osdude@xoommail.com  Fri Jan  7 02:13:47 2000
    From: wkt@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au, osdude@xoommail.com (PUPS Archive Request Form)
    Date: Fri, 7 Jan 2000 12:13:47 +1100 (EST)
    Subject: Another PUPS Archive Request
    Message-ID: <200001070113.MAA52653@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au>

    Here is a request of a copy of the PUPS Archive:

    Thomas Rates
    	Email: osdude@xoommail.com
    	Claims to be covered by SCO license AU-185
    	Wants a copy of PUPS Archive on the following media:
    	  CD-ROM
    	Postal address is:
    	  1024 Water Street Apartment 2
    	  Brownsville, Pennsylvania 15417

    From wkt@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au, shigio@tamacom.com  Fri Jan  7 08:48:57 2000
    From: wkt@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au, shigio@tamacom.com (PUPS Archive Request Form)
    Date: Fri, 7 Jan 2000 18:48:57 +1100 (EST)
    Subject: Another PUPS Archive Request
    Message-ID: <200001070748.SAA54224@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au>

    Here is a request of a copy of the PUPS Archive:

    Shigio Yamaguchi
    	Email: shigio@tamacom.com
    	Claims to be covered by SCO license AU-195
    	Wants a copy of PUPS Archive on the following media:
    	  CD-ROM
    	Postal address is:
    	  305 Maison Kokubo
    	  1-15-11 Nagayama
    	  Tama-shi, Tokyo, 206-0025 Japan

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Some Success with s1-bits archive
    Date: Sat, 8 Jan 2000 04:03:23 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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     > I've made a start on running the 2nd Ed binaries on s2-bits by assuming that
     > the system API was the same as 1st Edition. At present, size(1) gives the
     > correct printf error messages on non-existant file or wrong head in file.
     > However, size(1), nm(1) and /usr/lib/c0 all crash when given correct arguments.

     > Of course it's difficult to debug. There could be errors in:

     > 	- the emulated API (2nd Ed API != 1st Ed API)
     > 	- the environment provided to the emulated program
     > 	- simulation of the instructions (PDP-11/20 different to later versions)

     > or a combination of all three :-)

    Well, there is the 405-407 issue, although if a program
    is able to write an error message it at least got into
    execution.

    I think that all 11/20 instructions work on later processors.
    However: does the simulator handle the 11/20 EAE device?
    It would be used on any */% operation or shifts of more than
    one place.  Look for unhandled accesses to locations
    177300 and just above.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 00:05:28 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    Excellent!

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Message-Id: <200001100217.NAA63936@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Recompilation of last1120c
    In-Reply-To: <200001080903.UAA13277@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 8, 2000  4: 3:23 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 13:17:09 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (Warren Toomey)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    Dennis,
    	Just a quick note. Using s2-bits C compiler, I have recompiled
    both c0 and c1 from last1120c. Then by moving the new c0 and c1 into
    /usr/lib, I have recompiled c0 and c1 with themselves.

    Currently at home, expecting a phone call, so must disconnect
    the modem. More details later.

    	Warren
    --upas-kisulwfrkuxdqsvevidvrrlsnn--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 01:52:24 -0500
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    I fiddled the primevalC page; let me know if it works and if
    other information would be useful.

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Message-Id: <200001100526.QAA64805@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    In-Reply-To: <200001100505.QAA24578@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 10, 2000  0: 5:28 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 16:26:02 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (Warren Toomey)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Warren wrote:
    > 	Just a quick note. Using s2-bits C compiler, I have recompiled
    > both c0 and c1 from last1120c. Then by moving the new c0 and c1 into
    > /usr/lib, I have recompiled c0 and c1 with themselves.
    >
    > Excellent!
    > 	Dennis

    The latest emulator is at ftp://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/pub/PDP-11/Sims/Apout/
    and I've also included there the last1120c course and the binaries required
    to recompile it. Could you change your primeval.html page to point here?

    I think it will be nigh impossible to recompile prestruct-c, because of
    all the missing table files in assembly. I've tried to substitute the
    existing last1120c files for those missing in prestruct-c, but I get
    serious parse error when I run the resulting c0 binary.

    I've only got the last1120c and prestruct-c source directly from your web
    page: these files have lost their timestamps. Could you send me the original
    tap/tp archives, just for historical accuracy?

    Well, I've run out of things to do for a bit, until copies of the 2nd Ed
    manuals arrive from Norman. My emulator currently supports binaries from
    V1, V2, V5, V6, V7, 2.9BSD and 2.11BSD. I won't bother to emulate V3/V4
    because there are no binaries to run :-)

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-jwcntdnfrjfwxxnrlwjczebfgq--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 02:06:56 -0500
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    Oh! I forgot to mention that the last* and pres* bits
    are in the ftp incoming directory, same place as
    s1 and s2 were (what is it, plan9.bell-labs.com/incoming/dmr ?)

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 02:15:27 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    Reload or something....

    p9C; ls -tl
    --rw-rw-r-- M 815 dmr web 295936 Jan 10 00:34 last1120c-bits
    --rw-rw-r-- M 815 dmr web 295936 Jan 10 00:34 prestructc-bits
    --rw-r--r-- M 815 dmr web 295936 Jan  4 02:54 s2-bits
    --rw-r--r-- M 815 dmr web 295936 Jan  4 02:54 s1-bits

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    	for dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com; Mon, 10 Jan 2000 18:13:15 +1100 (EST)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Message-Id: <200001100713.SAA65367@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    In-Reply-To: <200001100707.SAA25487@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 10, 2000  2: 6:56 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 18:13:15 +1100 (EST)
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Oh! I forgot to mention that the last* and pres* bits
    > are in the ftp incoming directory, same place as
    > s1 and s2 were (what is it, plan9.bell-labs.com/incoming/dmr ?)
    > 	D.

    At present:

    ftp> dir
    200 Data port is tcp!131.236.2.210!56575
    150 Opened data connection (tcp!131.236.2.210!56575)
    total 1156
    -rw-r--r--   1 none     none      295936 Jan  4 01:17 s1-bits
    -rw-r--r--   1 none     none      295936 Jan  4 01:17 s2-bits
    226 Transfer complete

    So perhaps later, there's no rush.

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-wexfmlgcdwrqzamqjsacjpgmem--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: Early UNIX Dates: revised timeline
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 16:20:08 -0500
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     > By now I must have coerced nearly all the pertinent machine-readable
     > 0s and 1s out of you. You don't have any relevant tap/tp archives left,
     > by any chance? I'd be happy to keep them confidential.

    Do you still have the list of tapes?  I think I sent it once.

    Mahoney: when I talked to him, he was amenable to publishing
    the redacted interview.  You can see it at
     http://www.princeton.edu/~mike/expotape.htm ,
    but don't copy it.  The short papers by the students
    seem to be gone (I would assume that copyright
    problems with these could never be solved, anyway.)

    The PR guy has just sent a second go-around on his
    effort.  The first was pretty bad, but I haven't looked
    at the second yet.  (His mail is next to yours).

     > 	Unknown: Peter Neumann coins the term `Unics', which is
     > 		subsequently changed to `Unix'
     > 		  [QCU pg 9]

    I think the Neumann connection was an invention of my
    own fevered brain.  I wasn't sure who created the name
    and I assumed Peter because of his propensity for
    puns.  He has since denied involvement and Brian
    has claimed it, so I think things are as certain as
    they can be at this point.

     > 	Mid-year: The PDP-11/20 is purchased, with no disk drives
     > 		[QCU pg 35],
    It was ordered with a disk, but only the CPU was ready in the
    summer.

     >	3 months later: The disks arrive
    	disk, singular.

    BTW, exchange this and the recoding pg.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	Mon, 10 Jan 2000 13:17:09 +1100 (EST)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <200001100217.NAA63936@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Recompilation of last1120c
    In-Reply-To: <200001080903.UAA13277@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 8, 2000  4: 3:23 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 13:17:09 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
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    Dennis,
    	Just a quick note. Using s2-bits C compiler, I have recompiled
    both c0 and c1 from last1120c. Then by moving the new c0 and c1 into
    /usr/lib, I have recompiled c0 and c1 with themselves.

    Currently at home, expecting a phone call, so must disconnect
    the modem. More details later.

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2000/01/10
    Received: (from wkt@localhost)
    	by henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (8.9.2/8.9.3) id QAA64805;
    	Mon, 10 Jan 2000 16:26:02 +1100 (EST)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt>
    Message-Id: <200001100526.QAA64805@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: Re: Recompilation of last1120c
    In-Reply-To: <200001100505.QAA24578@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 10, 2000  0: 5:28 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2000 16:26:02 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt (Warren Toomey)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Warren wrote:
    > 	Just a quick note. Using s2-bits C compiler, I have recompiled
    > both c0 and c1 from last1120c. Then by moving the new c0 and c1 into
    > /usr/lib, I have recompiled c0 and c1 with themselves.
    >
    > Excellent!
    > 	Dennis

    The latest emulator is at ftp://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/pub/PDP-11/Sims/Apout/
    and I've also included there the last1120c course and the binaries required
    to recompile it. Could you change your primeval.html page to point here?

    I think it will be nigh impossible to recompile prestruct-c, because of
    all the missing table files in assembly. I've tried to substitute the
    existing last1120c files for those missing in prestruct-c, but I get
    serious parse error when I run the resulting c0 binary.

    I've only got the last1120c and prestruct-c source directly from your web
    page: these files have lost their timestamps. Could you send me the original
    tap/tp archives, just for historical accuracy?

    Well, I've run out of things to do for a bit, until copies of the 2nd Ed
    manuals arrive from Norman. My emulator currently supports binaries from
    V1, V2, V5, V6, V7, 2.9BSD and 2.11BSD. I won't bother to emulate V3/V4
    because there are no binaries to run :-)

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Early UNIX Dates: revised timeline
    Date: Tue, 11 Jan 2000 01:41:25 -0500
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    Yes, people have already drunk from Mahoney's well.

    BTW, I looked at the preserve.html page--It's still
    somewhat unformed for a journal article, I think.
    It's not a history of the travails of Unix, but neither
    is it an account of the travails of collecting and maintaining
    old software (though it includes elements of both).

    Somehow it lacks focus.

    On the reconstruction of prestruct-C -- I suspected
    that the various tables would be sufficiently similar
    that fraternal grafts would be possible.  Congrats for doing
    the work.

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
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    Subject: Re: Early UNIX Dates: revised timeline
    In-Reply-To: <200001102120.IAA29553@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 10, 2000  4:20: 8 pm"
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Mahoney: when I talked to him, he was amenable to publishing
    > the redacted interview.  You can see it at
    >  http://www.princeton.edu/~mike/expotape.htm ,

    Seems much of this was used by Peter Salus in his book `A Quarter
    Century of UNIX'.

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-plcvpjquzvrogfkfnhipgmzpqj--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Nsys kernel: a possible solution
    Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2000 22:04:14 -0500
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    I'm going to have to digest the suggestions.  You're right
    that the nominal dates in nsys are implausible by
    more than 6 months.  Also that the modes are peculiar.

    Do you have the structures that describe the tap formats you tried?
    I will check them against the 2nd and 3rd edition documented
    formats (which I might have mistranscribed, even leaving
    aside possible mid-course changes).

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Nsys kernel: can I get the original tape image?
    Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2000 16:25:55 -0500
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    They're now in incoming.  BTW I'm about to delete the other
    things.

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
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    Subject: Nsys kernel: can I get the original tape image?
    In-Reply-To: <200001110641.RAA05601@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 11, 2000  1:41:25 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2000 08:23:46 +1100 (EST)
    Cc: wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au (Warren Toomey)
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    Hi Dennis,
    	Could I ask for a copy of the original tape image of the nsys kernel?
    I've been thinking over that list of early UNIX dates, and the placement of
    the nsys kernel seems a bit early. Here's my reasoning.

     From the list of early dates:

    June '72: 2nd Edition manuals released.
    June-July '72: The last1120c compiler and associated binaries from s2-bits.
    December '72: The prestruct-c compiler.

    By the prestruct-c compiler, the kernel had some form of memory management.
    However, the compiler didn't support structures, nor the char * syntax.

    February '73: 3rd Edition manuals released. According to Norman Wilson's
    	web page on file system formats, ``The file system format has not
    	changed, but times are now sixtieths of a second since 00:00
    	1 January 1972''.
    	[ http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~norman/old-unix/old-fs.html ]

    September '73: The C version of the kernel is adopted.
    November '73: The 4th Edition manuals were published. According to Norman,
    	``The file system structure has changed quite a bit, probably at
    	the same time the operating system was rewritten in C. The new
    	format is the almost that of the more familiar Sixth Edition system.''

    Looking at the source code to cp.c on the s1-bits tape, we see:

    char *p1, *p2, *bp;
    	. . .
            fstat(fold,buf);		/* Get details of source file */
            mode = buf[2] & 037;		/* Extract original file permissions */
            if((fnew = creat(argv[2],mode)) < 0){
                    stat(argv[2], buf);
                    if((buf[3] & 0100) != 0){	/* If new file's inode exists */

    This version of cp(1) extracts the `xrwrw' file permissions, so it is
    using the filesystem from 1st-3rd Edition. However, it uses `char *' syntax.
    This dates the file after prestruct-c but before 4th Edition.

    Moving on to the `nsys' kernel, most of the files are dated around
    January 22-23, 1973. This source uses C structures and the `char *' syntax.
    It also has a 4th Edition filesystem layout, and not a 3rd Edition layout.

    To me, the date of late January 1973 for `nsys' is too early. Only a month
    earler, the prestruct-c compiler didn't support structures nor `char *',
    and two months later the 3rd Edition assembly kernel was still using the
    original filesystem.

    I'd probably place the `nsys' kernel between Feb and Sept 1973. This would
    give enough time for the C compiler to gain structs and `char *', and for
    the switch over to the new filesystem format.

    Cheers again,
    	Warren
    --upas-rysbmtgmrpbudlvhxtftyokwkn--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: manuals
    Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2000 03:32:27 -0500
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    It turns out that the source ?roff for the 3rd and 4th
    edition manuals exists online here.  These are
    versions from bowell, which Norman will remember,
    and are all owned (according to the bowell passwd
    file) by andrew (Hume).  The Plan 9 file date marks--
    inherited, probably faithfully, from bowell, and  most probably
    faithfully from whatever tape Andrew loaded, are
    in the range around Feb 1973 for the 3rd edition,
    and Nov 1973 for the 4th.
    The dates inside the files themselves are consistent with this.

    This was clearly a feverish period.  The manual pages are
    only a few months apart, but besides all the system changes,
    the manual was redone from nroff to troff, which appeared
    in the 4th and not the 3rd.  Ah, the energy of youth.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Nsys kernel: a possible solution
    Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2000 16:20:58 -0500
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     > Hypothesis: at the time when the nsys-bits tape was written, tp(1) did
     > not yet exist, but at the same time you wanted to capture the current
     > system details. So, you modified tap(1)'s format to have the bottom
     > 8 bits of the new 16-bit filemode, and also stored the 32-bit tap(1) time

    I think you've convinced me.  I've installed a -n flag for my tapfs.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Nsys kernel: a possible solution
    Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2000 23:46:25 -0500
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    I fancy that this
    	nsys
            	If the decoding of the date on the tape is correct (Aug 1973),
            	this is the source for the earliest C version of Unix
            	likely to be recovered.  `nsys' meant the C version
            	rather than the assembly version, and Aug 73 is plausible for
            	a running instance of this system.
    most likely refers to a date written on the paper label .
    Because I don't have the tape at hand, I can't verify this.

    I put tar versions of v3 and v4 in incoming.  Notes:
    Total size about 1.2MB.  v4 especially depends on
    a macro package I can't locate--evidently a predecessor
    of -man .   (local versions of -man announce
    "wrong version of man entry macros (use -man6 if available)".
    v3 especially is full of explicitly underlined things with
    backspaces and _, and the _ tend to overwrite the letters
    on the display.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Genealogy of Mini UNIX?
    Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2000 22:54:11 -0500
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    Point me at (or describe) what documentation you've got
    and I will try to remember more details.  Names
    on it like Heinz Lycklama and Doug Bayer
    would be interesting.

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
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    Subject: Genealogy of Mini UNIX?
    In-Reply-To: <200001140446.PAA00316@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jan 13, 2000 11:46:25 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2000 13:23:31 +1100 (EST)
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    Hi Dennis, sorry to disturb you again. Can you remember the genealogy of
    Mini UNIX? From the documentation here, it says:

    	The MINI-UNIX system running is configured to run on an 11/10 with
    	the given disk and the console teletype (KL) and using the EIS
    	(extended instruction set) software emulation package. MINI-UNIX
    	uses 12K words of memory for the system and 16K words for user
            programs.

    	There are a number of differences between the capabilities of
    	MINI-UNIX and standard UNIX of which the user should be aware.
    	The concept of ``groups'' is not supported in MINI-UNIX; no
    	profiling is done in MINI-UNIX; it is not possible to interactively
    	debug another running process in MINI-UNIX. User programs are
            limited to 16K words in size and the sharing of text is not possible.
    	Pipes are not implemented in the system; rather they are implemented
    	as ``pseudo-pipes'' in the Shell command.

    You know, this sounds just like 2nd Edition UNIX, i.e before you got the
    11/45 and before pipes were added to the kernel.

    I was wondering if Mini UNIX descends from 2nd Edition UNIX with the
    addition of application-level things from 3e, 4e, 5e and 6e, or if
    someone took 5e or 6e and `undid' all the things like memory management,
    pipes and groups.

    I'm just off for a few weeks vacation, but hope to be able to read my
    e-mail periodically.

    Thanks again!
    	Warren
    --upas-isqsixswbsdfdeepfcaimautzx--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Genealogy of Mini UNIX?
    Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2000 23:15:22 -0500
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    I can cope with the attachment, and looked at the beginning
    of the memo files.

    Heinz L and others did indeed spend time adapting Unix
    over 5-6-7 edition to keep running on smaller machines,
    and did I think release versions of this.   It wasn't captured
    as of 2nd edition; instead (as the memo date indicates)
    the 6th was out, and the 7th was being worked on.
    They picked out some newer things not to adopt and
    found things to delete without too much injury.   We
    were getting bigger machines, they wanted to keep
    the essentials going on very small ones (especially
    without MMU).  They were thinking lab equipment.
    Memo2 is explicit that 6th edition was a model for
    what they tried to do.

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: copies of old AT&T licenses (fwd)
    Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2000 22:04:07 -0500
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    Norman Wilson had passed this on a day or so ago, and I
    suggested you, as someone who might have been
    sent copies in recent years!

    I don't have these myself, and locally we didn't have
    to do  the paperwork.  I'll see what I can dig up.
    Maybe the best idea might be the North Carolina
    licensing organization.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: copies of old AT&T licenses (fwd)
    Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2000 22:10:23 -0500
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    I'm now sending mail to the Software Solutions Group
    guy.  The other thought that came to mind might
    be whoever in SCO handles the antique-system licenses.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: copies of old AT&T licenses (fwd)
    Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2000 23:35:23 -0500
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    This today from Chuck Greene in NC:

     > Dennis,

     > All of the old UNIX records are now with Santa Cruz Operation.
     > I have contacted someone there and they are going to see what they can come
     > up with.
     > I will let you know if they can find the old agreements.

     > Chuck

    At least this says that searching at SCO means "getting warm".
    I'll transmit whatever I get from Chuck.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Help Reviewing History chat
    Date: Thu, 2 Mar 2000 00:45:18 -0500
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    Before spending too much time tweaking, it might be worth
    testing it with Bergin to see if it is anything like what he wants
    (or can be induced to take).   It's not far from the truth (though
    tweaking is warranted).   Here are some amplifications--they
    do make it longer, though.

    I'll pass for now on coauthorship unless I spend a lot of time
    on it.

    	Dennis

     > Many universities received UNIX from the Labs, and began to make modifications.
     > In the late 1970s, the most widely known was AUSAM was developed at the
     > University of New South Wales and based on 6th Edition UNIX. Concurrently,
     > Bill Joy at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) created a new
     > text editor, {\it ex}, and a Pascal compiler for the system, and began to
     > distribute the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD). A second
     > distribution, 2BSD, saw the addition of the shell and editor {\it csh} and
     > {\it vi}.

    Actually Ken T did the first version of the UCB Pascal compiler while
    on sabbatical at Berkeley, though the production version was
    worked on by others later.  I don't know whether Joy was much
    involved with this (he could have been).

     > The late 1970s saw the first ports of UNIX to platforms other than the PDP-11.
     > AT\&T ported 7th Edition UNIX to the new Vax platform in 1979. 32V, with
     > no virtual memory support, was then modified at Berkeley to have VM and was
     > released as 3BSD. 32V was also the basis for the commercial products
     > System III and System V from USL.

    Just to up the Aussies, don't forget the Wollongong port, done about
    the same time as our Interdata work.  The actual sequence:
    Almost exactly contemporaneous and independent:  Our Interdata
    port, Wollongong's, and and incomplete one by Tom Lyon and others
    at Princeton (which probably started earlier, and was to VM/370).
    Next, and a bit later, your question: the Vax port (32V) was by Tom London and
    John Reiser, in a different research group at Bell Labs.  It was
    licensed under essentially the same terms as V7, and did indeed
    form the basis for the main BSD distributions (though CSRG
    did also continue to have some PDP-11 versions).  Functionally
    32V was essentially the same as V7 (nearly a pure port to the VAX).

     > UCB was given a DARPA grant to add Internetworking support to UNIX,
     > and the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at Berkeley took on this
     > task, releasing several versions of the fourth Berkeley Software Distribution

    The interesting thing here (though maybe it's too much to go into)
    is that although UCB's CSRG did receive important support from
    ARPA to create and distribute the BSD systems to ARPA contractors
    (universities and corporate as well as in the military), it was explicitly
    not to do internetworking support, but rather the system as a whole.
    The TCP/IP and Internet support were supposed to be done by
    BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman).   However, CSRG really wanted
    to do it themselves, and did.

     > USL believed that Net/2 did in fact contains some remnants of 32V source
     > code, and took the Regents of UCB to court for breach of license conditions
     > and unauthorised distribution of UNIX source code. Eventually, a settlement
     > was reached where CSRG could distribute a `Lite' version of 4BSD in source
     > form, and which USL agreed to contain no UNIX source code. This release
     > was called 4.4BSD-Lite.

    Pretty much right.  Actually the thing that inflamed USL was BSDI,
    a commercial operation that used the "grey-room" 4.4BSD-Lite
    code.  However, the UC was added to the suit in fairly short order.

    >  Other rewrites of the Unix
    > environment from scratch also exist: Coherent, Minix and the popular Linux.

    Maybe the interesting thing about these is that Coherent and Minix
    were early, and manifestly done from the specs (things like SVID
    and other manuals), which were published; Linux was later, but
    likewise from standards.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: old licenses
    Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2000 14:25:07 -0500
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    Finally heard back from the Greensboro guy--

     > Dennis,

     > Unfortunately, my contact at SCO was unable to locate any of the old
     > agreements.
     > The earliest agreements that could be found were from 1984-1986 and would be
     > for System III or System V.

    Here's an interesting idea: the court records from the UCB/BSDI suit!
    It may be that they're sealed, though.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Strange book idea
    Date: Fri, 17 Mar 2000 22:16:47 -0500
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    I don't have time to think much about this (I'm about to
    travel and have to finish slides).  Bug me again in a couple
    of weeks?

    But I guess the off-the-top-of-the-head reaction is that your question

     > + Who is the overriding `editor', i.e who wants to be, who has time :-)
     >   Ditto for chapter authors.

    is the important one.

    It's not so much who has control, it's who takes it.  I don't think there
    are likely to be serious permissions questions, just playing the game
    of asking.  If you want to write a book, you just gotta do it.

    	Dennis

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    Subject: Strange book idea
    In-Reply-To: <200003151925.GAA19709@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Mar 15, 2000  2:25: 7 pm"
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    Hi Dennis,
            After e-mailing you w.r.t an interview about the design of the
    original UNIX API, I thought ``Why not a book?''. Here's my pitch:

    + A technical history of UNIX from 1969 to 1980, complementing Salus' book.

    + Many of the original papers could be republished.

    + Many of the little `notes' on your web page could be included.

    + Narrative chapters which alternate between paper reprints. These
      both weave a chronology thread which links the papers, but also
      reviews each of the Research Editions.

    + Other sections: interviews with Dennis & Ken on the original design.

    + Probably no author, more likely an editor. Authors for individual
      chapters.

    + Who gets to publish? I'd suspect Lucent would own copyright on most
      of the papers. Would Lucent publish, or could they give permission
      to republish papers/notes to another publisher?

    + Who is the overriding `editor', i.e who wants to be, who has time :-)
      Ditto for chapter authors.

    Anyway, I'd be keen on writing some parts. Do you have any suggestions,
    comments etc.

    Thanks,
    	Warren
    --upas-cskvdezhlizntgmfapnspjkzjw--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    CC: paulka@sco.COM
    Subject: Re: Change to SCO's Ancient UNIX license
    Date: Tue, 11 Apr 2000 23:31:30 -0400
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    Interesting, and good, news.

    Paul: Warren passed along your mail about the simplification of the
    "ancient unix" licensing (along with a request to "keep it
    under [my] hat for a bit," which of course I will (and when
    you have something to make public, I'll link to it on
    my own home page).

    I think Warren has most of the material we have, but if I
    can help directly, please let me know.

    	Dennis Ritchie

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: SCO's UNIX src licenses officially $00.00
    Date: Thu, 20 Apr 2000 03:39:16 -0400
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     > I was wondering if Lucent would be interested in buying back the
     > rights to 1st - 7th Edition and 32V, obviously at a significant
     > discount, and then setting a less restrictive license.

     > I wonder what value SCO puts on the rights to 1e - 7e and 32V?
     > Maybe an individual could buy the rights :-)

    Keith Bostic sent early mail today about the SCO announcements, and it's also
    elsewhere (e.g. /.)  Thanks for tipping me earlier.

    Let me think a bit about the rest.  It seems likely that both
    SCO and (if I try to interest Lucent) we should be calculating the
    PR value (given the $0.00) versus the internal costs of maintaining
    something useful, combined with the "startup" costs of doing any
    official negotiation.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: SCO's UNIX src licenses officially $00.00
    Date: Thu, 20 Apr 2000 15:14:24 -0400
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    I don't know if you watch the Plan 9 list; if you do,
    you know that we're in the throes of persuading
    the lawyer to sit down and write an open-source
    type licence for the new distribution.  It's agreed
    in principle that this will be done, but we haven't
    been able to extract a draft of the terms yet so
    we can find if we have to argue about them.

    I wonder what the effect of throwing the early
    unix question in to this would be?  (Now that
    I think of it, I wonder what would happen if
    we raised the question of v8-v10?  They
    don't actually have much SV in them.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Ken's PDP-11 configurator program
    Date: Mon, 15 May 2000 20:20:34 -0400
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    Make of the program what you will (and have time for).

    I'd already noticed  the new SCO policy (and recently have a link
    to ancient.html on my links page).

    	Dennis

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    Subject: Re: Ken's PDP-11 configurator program
    In-Reply-To: <200005150702.RAA21386@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "May 15, 2000  3: 2:14 am"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Since the subject of old PDP-11s seems to have
    > hotted up again, I decided to disgorge Ken's
    > program for ordering PDP-11s.  It gives prices
    > circa 1975 in US$, and knows about various restrictions
    > like bus loads and what will fit in a box.  It's
    > another (nearly the remainder) from the DECtape archives.
    >
    > The program itself is written in old C--pre K&R 1-- (beware
    > of the =- operators!).  It will take a bit of
    > work to get going.  Quite possibly extraction
    > of the tables is more interesting than running
    > the program.
    >
    > 	Dennis

    Ah, you can't tempt me with this program so easily, it's not UNIX source
    code. The easiest way to get this to work would be to compile it up under
    5e or 6e. I'll have a go, but not immediately as work is keeing me busy.

    SCO now have free UNIX source code licenses on their web site, plus
    full access to our PUPS Archive via a hyperlink to a CGI script on my
    web site. Go to http://www.sco.com/offers/ancient.html, agree to the
    SCO license. On the next page, click on `apply for access to the PUPS Archive'.

    I wonder when they will finally give up on the license itself :-)

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-eocneujglgyexvkqpbpijcabke--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Ken's PDP-11 configurator program
    Date: Mon, 15 May 2000 03:02:14 -0400
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    Since the subject of old PDP-11s seems to have
    hotted up again, I decided to disgorge Ken's
    program for ordering PDP-11s.  It gives prices
    circa 1975 in US$, and knows about various restrictions
    like bus loads and what will fit in a box.  It's
    another (nearly the remainder) from the DECtape archives.

    The program itself is written in old C--pre K&R 1-- (beware
    of the =- operators!).  It will take a bit of
    work to get going.  Quite possibly extraction
    of the tables is more interesting than running
    the program.

    	Dennis

    # To unbundle, run this file
    echo c1.c
    sed 's/.//' >c1.c <<'//GO.SYSIN DD c1.c'
    -/*
    - *	code = d1d2d3d4
    - *		d1 = discount
    - *			0 NO
    - *			1 Type 1
    - *			2 Type 2
    - *			3 MOD
    - *			4 GT
    - *		d2 = system units
    - *			0-4 uses 0-4 SU
    - *			5 3 extra (11/45)
    - *			6 7 extra (11/40)
    - *			7 6 extra (ba11-es)
    - *			8 9 extra (h960)
    - *		d3 = small periph slots
    - *			0-4 uses 0-4
    - *			5 3 extra (11/45)
    - *			6 1 extra (11/40)
    - *			7 4 extra (dd)
    - *		d4 = loads
    - *			0-4 uses 0-4
    - *			5 17 extra (11/45)
    - *			6 19 extra (11/40)
    - *			7 18 extra (db)
    - */
    -int	table[]
    -{					/*
    -price	maint	code	name		*/
    -16765,	121,	2555,	"kb11",		"11/45 CPU",
    -4210,	32,	2000,	"kt11-c",	"11/45 segmentation",
    -5290,	45,	2000,	"fp11-b",	"11/45 floating point",
    -1950,	13,	2001,	"ms11-cc",	"Bi Polar controller",
    -1950,	13,	2001,	"ms11-bc",	"1st MOS controller",
    -1500,	13,	2001,	"ms11-bd",	"2nd MOS controller",
    -1950,	16,	2000,	"ms11-cm",	"1K Bi Polar",
    -2500,	16,	2000,	"ms11-cp",	"1K Bi Polar (parity)",
    -3000,	42,	2000,	"ms11-br",	"MOS 4K memory",
    -3420,	40,	2000,	"ms11-bt",	"MOS 4K memory (parity)",
    -
    -6245,	60,	2666,	"kd11-a",	"11/40 CPU",
    -1400,	11,	2000,	"ke11-e",	"11/40 multiply/divide",
    -1500,	11,	2000,	"ke11-f",	"11/40 floating point",
    -2480,	21,	2000,	"kt11-d",	"11/40 segmentation",
    -410,	5,	2000,	"kj11-a",	"11/40 stack limit",
    -/* xx */
    -810,	6,	2011,	"kg11-a",	"Cyclic check unit",
    -300,	3,	2001,	"kw11-l",	"line clock",
    -700,	6,	2011,	"kw11-p",	"programmable clock",
    -
    -4700,	37,	1201,	"mf11-l",	"8K core and controller",
    -4900,	32,	1201,	"mf11-u",	"16K core and controller",
    -5700,	32,	1202,	"mf11-lp",	"8K core (parity) and controller",
    -6300,	27,	1202,	"mf11-up",	"16K core (parity) and controller",
    -4400,	37,	1001,	"mm11-l",	"8K core",
    -4500,	32,	1001,	"mm11-u",	"16K core",
    -5400,	32,	1001,	"mm11-lp",	"8K core (parity)",
    -5600,	27,	1001,	"mm11-up",	"16K core (parity)",
    -
    -400,	0,	3011,	"m792",		"16 word ROM",
    -450,	3,	2011,	"bm792-ya",	"tty/paper tape bootstrap",
    -450,	3,	2011,	"bm792-yb",	"disk/DECtape bootstrap",
    -450,	3,	2011,	"bm792-yc",	"card reader bootstrap",
    -450,	3,	2011,	"bm792-yh",	"cassette bootstrap",
    -400,	2,	1011,	"bm873-ya",	"restart loader",
    -700,	5,	2022,	"mr11-db",	"bulk bootstrap",
    -
    -5950,	27,	2001,	"rf11",		"controller",
    -10700,	42,	2000,	"rs11",		".5MB fixed head disk",
    -5000,	27,	1201,	"rjs",		"controller",
    -9000,	48,	1000,	"rs03",		".5MB fixed head disk",
    -13000,	58,	1000,	"rs04",		"1MB fixed head disk",
    -5900,	42,	1101,	"rk11",		"disk controller",
    -5100,	64,	1000,	"rk05-aa",	"2.5 moving head disk",
    -11880,	74,	1,	"rp11",		"disk controller",
    -20000,	159,	0,	"rp03-as",	"40MB moving head disk",
    -
    -3240,	27,	2001,	"tm11",		"tape controller",
    -7505,	74,	2000,	"tu10-ee",	"9-chan tape drive",
    -7505,	74,	2000,	"tu10-fe",	"7-chan tape drive",
    -4400,	13,	2001,	"tc11",		"DECtape controller",
    -5100,	32,	2000,	"tu56",		"DECtape drive",
    -2990,	38,	2011,	"ta11-aa",	"Dual Cassette",
    -
    -5615,	58,	11,	"ls11-a",	"60LPM 132col 64char printer",
    -11770,	53,	11,	"lv11-ba",	"500LPM 132col 96char printer/plotter",
    -/* xx */
    -12000,	60,	11,	"lp11-fa",	"300LPM 80col 64char printer",
    -/* xx */
    -13500,	65,	11,	"lp11-ha",	"300LPM 80col 96char printer",
    -/* xx */
    -17500,	75,	11,	"lp11-ja",	"300LPM 132col 64char printer",
    -/* xx */
    -19000,	80,	11,	"lp11-ka",	"300LPM 132col 96char printer",
    -30000,	154,	11,	"lp11-ra",	"1200LPM 132col 64char printer",
    -33000,	154,	11,	"lp11-sa",	"800LPM 132col 96char printer",
    -9900,	72,	11,	"lp11-va",	"300LPM 132col 64char printer",
    -11900,	72,	11,	"lp11-wa",	"230LPM 132col 96char printer",
    -
    -4860,	53,	11,	"cr11",		"300CPM 80col reader",
    -5290,	53,	11,	"cm11-fa",	"200CPM 40col reader",
    -10800,	74,	101,	"cd11-a",	"1000CPM 80col reader",
    -15120,	95,	101,	"cd11-ea",	"1200CPM 80col reader",
    -2400,	22,	2011,	"pr11",		"300CPS reader",
    -3900,	38,	2011,	"pc11",		"300CPS reader 50CPS punch",
    -
    -2795,	32,	2000,	"la30-pa",	"DEC writer (parallel)",
    -3195,	32,	2000,	"la30-ca",	"DEC writer (serial)",
    -3195,	32,	2000,	"la30-ea",	"DEC writer (EIA)",
    -1850,	37,	0,	"lt33-dc",	"Teletype 33 (ASR)",
    -1400,	32,	0,	"lt33-cc",	"Teletype 33 (KSR)",
    -4860,	32,	0,	"lt35-dc",	"Teletype 35 (ARS)",
    -3240,	29,	0,	"lt35-cc",	"Teletype 35 (KSR)",
    -2795,	23,	2000,	"vt05b-aa",	"Display (64 char)",
    -2795,	23,	2000,	"vt05b-ba",	"Display (96 char)",
    -2795,	23,	2000,	"vt05b-ca",	"Display (64 char EIA)",
    -2795,	23,	2000,	"vt05b-da",	"Display (96 char EIA)",
    -
    -500,	6,	2011,	"lc11-a",	"DEC writer interface",
    -500,	6,	2011,	"dl11-a",	"Teletype interface (20ma)",
    -500,	6,	2011,	"dl11-c",	"Teletype interface(20ma)",
    -525,	6,	2011,	"dl11-b",	"Teletype interface (EIA)",
    -525,	6,	2011,	"dl11-d",	"Teletype interface (EIA)",
    -550,	6,	2011,	"dl11-e",	"Teletype interface (EIA+ctrl)",
    -
    -13400,	135,	4000,	"gt40-aa",	"Graphics scope",
    -14620,	162,	4000,	"gt40-ac",	"Graphics scope+ASR33",
    -15695,	162,	4000,	"gt40-ae",	"Graphics scope+LA30",
    -
    -1080,	6,	2101,	"aa11-da",	"D to A",
    -405,	5,	2000,	"ba614",	"D to A",
    -3240,	75,	0,	"vt01-a",	"Tek 611",
    -1080,	14,	0,	"vr01-a",	"Point scope",
    -3240,	18,	0,	"vr14",		"Point scope",
    -
    -4400,	30,	2021,	"dh11-aa",	"Async multiplexer",
    -4400,	30,	2021,	"dh11-ab",	"Async multiplexer",
    -170,	5,	2000,	"dm11-da",	"line adapter",
    -485,	10,	2000,	"dm11-db",	"line adapter (EIA)",
    -1295,	18,	2001,	"dm11-bb",	"modem control",
    -860,	5,	2000,	"dm11-dc",	"line adapter for control",
    -3400,	30,	1101,	"dj11-aa",	"Async multiplexer",
    -3100,	25,	1101,	"dj11-ab",	"Async multiplexer",
    -3200,	30,	1101,	"dj11-ac",	"Async multiplexer",
    -100,	0,	3000,	"m405",		"speed card",
    -270,	3,	2100,	"dc11-aa",	"Async SU",
    -270,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ab",	"Async SU",
    -270,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ac",	"Async SU",
    -375,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ad",	"Async SU",
    -375,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ae",	"Async SU",
    -270,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ag",	"Async SU",
    -270,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ah",	"Async SU",
    -375,	3,	2100,	"dc11-ax",	"Async SU",
    -645,	7,	2001,	"dc11-da",	"port",
    -1510,	18,	2101,	"dp11-da",	"Sync interface (201)",
    -1940,	18,	2101,	"dp11-dc",	"Sync interface (303)",
    -320,	3,	2000,	"dp11-ca",	"12 bit extender",
    -215,	3,	2000,	"dp11-ka",	"clock",
    -900,	5,	2011,	"du11-da",	"Sync interface",
    -2800,	23,	2101,	"dq11-da",	"Sync interface",
    -4200,	24,	2101,	"dq11-ea",	"Sync interface",
    -150,	1,	2000,	"dq11-ka",	"clock",
    -320,	5,	2100,	"dn11-aa",	"ACU interface",
    -430,	5,	2001,	"dn11-da",	"ACU driver",
    -
    -430,	5,	2011,	"dr11-c",	"word interface",
    -1290,	12,	2101,	"dr11-b",	"dma channel",
    -
    -185,	0,	2170,	"dd11-b",	"Small Periph mount",
    -1080,	5,	2107,	"db11-a",	"Bus repeater",
    -2400,	15,	2800,	"h960-da",	"Extension box and cabinet",
    -2100,	5,	2800,	"ba11-fd",	"Extension box",
    -400,	0,	2700,	"ba11-es",	"Extension box",
    -
    -5000,	0,	2000,	"qj580-ac",	"rsx-11d on DECtape",
    -5000,	0,	2000,	"qj580-ad",	"rsx-11d on 9-track",
    -5000,	0,	2000,	"qj580-af",	"rsx-11d on 7-track",
    -5000,	0,	2000,	"qj580-ae",	"rsx-11d on disk cartridge",
    -100,	0,	2000,	"qj580-gz",	"rsx-11d manuals",
    -4000,	0,	2000,	"qr430-ac",	"rsts-e on DECtape",
    -4000,	0,	2000,	"qr430-ad",	"rsts-e on 9-track",
    -4000,	0,	2000,	"qr430-ae",	"rsts-e on disk cartridge",
    -4000,	0,	2000,	"qr430-af",	"rsts-e on 7-track",
    -1700,	0,	2000,	"qj250-ac",	"dos/batch on DECtape",
    -1700,	0,	2000,	"qj250-ad",	"dos/batch on 9-track",
    -1700,	0,	2000,	"qj250-af",	"dos/batch on 7-track",
    -1700,	0,	2000,	"qj250-ae",	"dos/batch on disk cartridge",
    -12,	0,	2000,	"qj250-am",	"batch manuals",
    -60,	0,	2000,	"qj220-am",	"dos manuals",
    -
    -1,	0,	0,	"conf",		"",
    -1,	0,	0,	"preq",		"",
    -1,	0,	0,	"item",		"",
    -1,	0,	0,	"list",		"",
    -1,	0,	0,	"xxmm",		"",
    -1,	0,	0,	"xxdh",		"",
    -1,	0,	0,	"xxtc",		"",
    -0
    -};
    //GO.SYSIN DD c1.c
    echo c2.c
    sed 's/.//' >c2.c <<'//GO.SYSIN DD c2.c'
    -int	preq[]
    -{
    -"kt11-c",	"kb11",		1,
    -"fp11-b",	"kb11",		1,
    -"ms11-br",	"ms11-bc",	4,
    -"ms11-bt",	"ms11-bc",	4,
    -"ms11-cm",	"ms11-bd",	4,
    -"ms11-cp",	"ms11-bd",	4,
    -"ms11-bc",	"kb11",		2,
    -"ms11-bd",	"kb11",		2,
    -
    -"ke11-f",	"ke11-e",	1,
    -"kt11-d",	"kd11-a",	1,
    -
    -"mm11-l",	"mf11-l",	2,
    -"mm11-lp",	"mf11-lp",	2,
    -"xxmm",		"mm11-l",	12,
    -
    -"rs11",		"rf11",		8,
    -"rk05-aa",	"rk11",		8,
    -"rp03-as",	"rp11",		8,
    -
    -"tu10-ee",	"tm11",		8,
    -"tu10-fe",	"tm11",		8,
    -"tu56",		"tc11",		4,
    -"xxtc",		"tu56",		2,
    -
    -"la30-pa",	"lc11-a",	1,
    -"la30-ca",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"lt33-dc",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"lt33-cc",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"lt35-dc",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"lt35-cc",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"vt05b-aa",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"vt05b-ba",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"vt05b-ca",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -"vt05b-da",	"dl11-a",	1,
    -
    -"vt01-a",	"ba614",	1,
    -"vr01-a",	"ba614",	1,
    -"vr14",		"ba614",	1,
    -"ba614",	"aa11-da",	4,
    -
    -"dm11-da",	"dh11-aa",	4,
    -"dm11-db",	"dh11-aa",	4,
    -"dm11-bb",	"dh11-aa",	1,
    -"dm11-dc",	"dm11-bb",	4,
    -"xxdh",		"dm11-dc",	4,
    -"m405",		"dh11-aa",	2,
    -
    -"dc11-da",	"dc11-aa",	2,
    -
    -"dp11-ca",	"dp11-da",	1,
    -"dp11-ka",	"dp11-da",	1,
    -"dn11-da",	"dn11-aa",	4,
    -
    -0
    -};
    //GO.SYSIN DD c2.c
    echo c3.c
    sed 's/.//' >c3.c <<'//GO.SYSIN DD c3.c'
    -char	*pkg[]
    -{
    -
    -/*
    - * useful synonyms
    - */
    -
    -"/45",		"kb11",		0,
    -"/40",		"kd11-a",	0,
    -"dl",		"dl11-a",	0,
    -"kl",		"dl11-a",	0,
    -"dl11",		"dl11-a",	0,
    -"dd",		"dd11-b",	0,
    -"dd11",		"dd11-b",	0,
    -"db",		"db11-a",	0,
    -"db11",		"db11-a",	0,
    -"rom",		"m792",		0,
    -"aa11-d",	"aa11-da",	0,
    -"aa11",		"aa11-da",	0,
    -"vt01",		"vt01-a",	0,
    -"vt",		"vt01-a",	0,
    -"vt05",		"vt05b-aa",	0,
    -"vr01",		"vr01-a",	0,
    -"rk05",		"rk05-aa",	0,
    -"rk",		"rk05-aa",	0,
    -"tc",		"xxtc",		0,
    -"rk11",		"rk11-ca",	0,
    -"dc",		"dc11-da",	0,
    -"rp",		"rp03",		0,
    -"rf",		"rs11",		0,
    -"tm",		"tu10",		0,
    -"pc",		"pc11",		0,
    -"kw",		"kw11-l",	0,
    -"dn",		"dn11-da",	0,
    -"dr11",		"dr11-c",	0,
    -"box",		"h960-da",	0,
    -"dh",		"xxdh",		0,
    -"mm",		"xxmm",		0,
    -"la30",		"la30-ca",	0,
    -"rp03",		"rp03-as",	0,
    -"tu10",		"tu10-ee",	0,
    -"bulk",		"mr11-db",	0,
    -"clock",	"kw11-l",	0,
    -
    -/*
    - * packages
    - */
    -
    -"rf11-aa",
    -	"rf11",
    -	"rs11",
    -	0,
    -"rk11-de",
    -	"rk11",
    -	"rk05",
    -	0,
    -"rp11-ce",
    -	"rp11",
    -	"rp03",
    -	0,
    -"tc11-ga",
    -	"tc11",
    -	"tu56",
    -	0,
    -"tm11-ea",
    -	"tm11",
    -	"tu10",
    -	0,
    -"tm11-fa",
    -	"tm11",
    -	"tu10-fe",
    -	0,
    -"core-16kp",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	0,
    -"core-32kp",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	"mm11-up",
    -	0,
    -"mos-16kp",
    -	"ms11-bc",
    -	"ms11-bt",
    -	"ms11-bt",
    -	"ms11-bt",
    -	"ms11-bt",
    -	0,
    -"/45-cu",
    -	"/45",
    -	"clock",
    -	"core-16kp",
    -	"bulk",
    -	"dl11",
    -	"la30",
    -	0,
    -"/45-cw",
    -	"/45",
    -	"kt11-c",
    -	"clock",
    -	"core-32kp",
    -	"bulk",
    -	"dl11",
    -	"la30",
    -	0,
    -"/50-cu",
    -	"/45",
    -	"mos-16kp",
    -	"clock",
    -	"bulk",
    -	"dl11",
    -	"la30",
    -	0,
    -"/50-cw",
    -	"/45",
    -	"kt11-c",
    -	"clock",
    -	"mos-16kp",
    -	"core-16kp",
    -	"bulk",
    -	"dl11",
    -	"la30",
    -	0,
    -"/45-rp",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	"rf11-aa",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tc11-ga",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qr430-ac",
    -	0,
    -"/50-rp",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"mm11-up",
    -	"rf11-aa",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tc11-ga",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qr430-ac",
    -	0,
    -"/45-rs",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	"rf11-aa",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qr430-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/50-rs",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"mm11-up",
    -	"rf11-aa",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qr430-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/45-ru",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	"fp11-b",
    -	"rp11-ce",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qr430-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/50-ru",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"mm11-up",
    -	"fp11-b",
    -	"rp11-ce",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qr430-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/45-ps",
    -	"/45-cu",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"qj250-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/50-ps",
    -	"/50-cu",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"qj250-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/45-pu",
    -	"/45-cu",
    -	"rf11-aa",
    -	"tc11-ga",
    -	"qj250-ac",
    -	0,
    -"/50-pu",
    -	"/50-cu",
    -	"rf11-aa",
    -	"tc11-ga",
    -	"qj250-ac",
    -	0,
    -"/50-pw",
    -	"/50-cu",
    -	"ms11-bd",
    -	"ms11-bt",
    -	"ms11-bt",
    -	"fp11-b",
    -	"rp11-ce",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"cd11-ea",
    -	"lp11-ra",
    -	"dd11",
    -	"qj250-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/45-na",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"qj580-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/50-na",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"qj580-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/45-nc",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qj580-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/50-nc",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"mm11-up",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"qj580-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/45-nh",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"mf11-up",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"rk05",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qj580-ae",
    -	0,
    -"/50-nh",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"mm11-up",
    -	"rk11-de",
    -	"rk05",
    -	"qj580-ae",
    -	0,
    -"/45-ne",
    -	"/45-cw",
    -	"core-32kp",
    -	"rp11-ce",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"cr11",
    -	"lp11-ja",
    -	"dd11",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qj580-ad",
    -	0,
    -"/50-ne",
    -	"/50-cw",
    -	"core-32kp",
    -	"rp11-ce",
    -	"tm11-ea",
    -	"cd11-ea",
    -	"lp11-ra",
    -	"dd11",
    -	"h960-da",
    -	"qj580-ad",
    -	0,
    -0
    -};
    //GO.SYSIN DD c3.c
    echo m.c
    sed 's/.//' >m.c <<'//GO.SYSIN DD m.c'
    -int	nsu;
    -int	nspc;
    -int	nld;
    -double	fprice;
    -double	fmaint;
    -double	fdisc[10];
    -char	*ndisc[10]
    -{
    -	"None  ",
    -	"Type 1",
    -	"Type 2",
    -	"Module",
    -	"GT 40 ",
    -	0,
    -};
    -char	item[400];
    -struct
    -{
    -	char	*name1;
    -	char	*name2;
    -	int	count;
    -} preq[];
    -struct
    -{
    -	int price;
    -	int maint;
    -	int code;
    -	char *name;
    -	char *descr;
    -} table[];
    -char	*pkg[];
    -int	fin;
    -char	buf[100];
    -
    -main(argc, argv)
    -char *argv[];
    -{
    -	int i, c, n;
    -	int flag;
    -	double fmul();
    -
    -	fprice = 0.;
    -	fmaint = 0.;
    -	nsu = 0;
    -	nspc = 0;
    -	nld = 0;
    -
    -	for(i=1; i<argc; i++) {
    -		if(argv[i][0] == '-') {
    -			if(compos(1, argv[i]+1))
    -				printf("%s: bad arg\n", argv[i]+1);
    -			continue;
    -		}
    -		fin = open(argv[i], 0);
    -		if(fin < 0) {
    -			printf("%s: cannot open\n", argv[i]);
    -			exit();
    -		}
    -	}
    -
    -loop:
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * read in quantity
    -	 * ignore space and tab
    -	 */
    -
    -	n = 1;
    -	c = getchar();
    -	while(c==' ' || c=='	')
    -		c = getchar();
    -	if(c>='0' && c<='9') {
    -		n = 0;
    -		while(c>='0' && c<='9') {
    -			n = n*10 + c-'0';
    -			c = getchar();
    -		}
    -	}
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * read up to item name
    -	 */
    -
    -	while(c==' ' || c=='	')
    -		c = getchar();
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * read in item name
    -	 * terminate with null
    -	 */
    -
    -	for(i=0; i<99; i++) {
    -		if(c == '\n')
    -			break;
    -		if(c == '\0')
    -			goto pass2;
    -		buf[i] = c;
    -		c = getchar();
    -	}
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * ignore blank lines
    -	 */
    -
    -	if(i == 0)
    -		goto loop;
    -	buf[i] = '\0';
    -	if(compos(n, buf))
    -		printf("%s: cannot recognize\n", buf);
    -	goto loop;
    -
    -pass2:
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * examine for contigencies
    -	 */
    -
    -	flag = 0;
    -	i = lookup("preq");
    -	if(item[i])
    -	for(i=0; preq[i].name1 != 0; i++) {
    -		c = lookup(preq[i].name1);
    -		if(c < 0)
    -			goto badpreq;
    -		n = preq[i].count;
    -		n = (item[c] + n - 1)/n;
    -		if(n <= 0)
    -			continue;
    -		c = lookup(preq[i].name2);
    -		if(c < 0) {
    -		badpreq:
    -			printf("bad preq table:\n\t%s\n", preq[i].name1);
    -			continue;
    -		}
    -		n =- item[c];
    -		if(n > 0) {
    -			if(compos(n, preq[i].name2))
    -					printf("%s: bad preq\n", preq[i].name2);
    -			flag++;
    -		}
    -	}
    -	if(flag)
    -		goto pass2;
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * clean up system units,
    -	 * spc's, and loads
    -	 */
    -
    -	i = lookup("conf");
    -	if(item[i]) {
    -		while(nspc < 0)
    -			if(compos(1, "dd11-b")) {
    -				printf("no dd-11\n");
    -				break;
    -			}
    -		while(nld < 0)
    -			if(compos(1, "db11-a")) {
    -				printf("no db-11\n");
    -				break;
    -			}
    -		while(nsu < 0) {
    -			if(compos(1, "h960-da")) {
    -				printf("no h-960\n");
    -				break;
    -			}
    -			if(nsu < 0 && compos(1, "ba11-f"))
    -				printf("no ba11\n");
    -		}
    -	}
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * print pretty table
    -	 */
    -
    -pass3:
    -	i = lookup("list");
    -	flag = item[i];
    -	i = lookup("item");
    -	if(flag || item[i]) {
    -		for(i=0; i<200; i++)
    -		if(item[i]!=0 && table[i].price!=1) {
    -			n = item[i];
    -			printf("%2d %-8s", n, table[i].name);
    -			printf("%4.0f", fmul(n, table[i].maint));
    -			printf("%8.0f", fmul(n, table[i].price));
    -			if(flag)
    -				printf(" %s", table[i].descr);
    -			printf("\n");
    -		}
    -		printf("          ");
    -	}
    -	printf("%5.0f%8.0f\n", fmaint, fprice);
    -	printf("\nnsu = %4d\nspc = %4d\nnld = %4d\n\n",
    -		nsu, nspc, nld);
    -	for(i=0; ndisc[i]; i++)
    -		printf("%s%8.0f\n", ndisc[i], fdisc[i]);
    -}
    -
    -compos(n, bp)
    -char *bp;
    -{
    -	int i, p[4], d, j;
    -	double fmul();
    -
    -	i = lookup(bp);
    -	if(i >= 0)
    -		goto found;
    -
    -	/*
    -	 * look up in package table
    -	 */
    -
    -	for(i=0; pkg[i]; i++) {
    -		d = 0;
    -		if(equal(pkg[i], bp))
    -			d++;
    -		for(i++; pkg[i]; i++)
    -			if(d && compos(n, pkg[i]))
    -				printf("%s: bad pkg\n", pkg[i]);
    -		if(d)
    -			return(0);
    -	}
    -	return(1);
    -
    -found:
    -	item[i] =+ n;
    -	if(table[i].price == 1)
    -		return(0);
    -	d = table[i].code;
    -	for(j=0; j<4; j++) {
    -		p[j] = d%10;
    -		d =/ 10;
    -	}
    -	fmaint =+ fmul(n, table[i].maint);
    -	fprice =+ fmul(n, table[i].price);
    -	switch(p[0]) {
    -	case 5:
    -		p[0] = -17;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 6:
    -		p[0] = -19;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 7:
    -		p[0] = -18;
    -		break;
    -	}
    -	nld =- p[0]*n;
    -	switch(p[1]) {
    -
    -	case 5:
    -		p[1] = -3;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 6:
    -		p[1] = -1;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 7:
    -		p[1] = -4;
    -		break;
    -	}
    -	nspc =- p[1]*n;
    -	switch(p[2]) {
    -
    -	case 5:
    -		p[2] = -3;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 6:
    -		p[2] = -7;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 7:
    -		p[2] = -6;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 8:
    -		p[2] = -9;
    -		break;
    -
    -	case 9:
    -		p[2] = -18;
    -		break;
    -	}
    -	nsu =- p[2]*n;
    -	fdisc[p[3]] =+ fmul(n, table[i].price);
    -	return(0);
    -}
    -
    -double fmul(n, p)
    -{
    -	double f;
    -
    -	f = p;
    -	if(f < 0.)
    -		f =+ 65536.;
    -	f =* n;
    -	return(f);
    -}
    -
    -lookup(bp)
    -char *bp;
    -{
    -	int i;
    -
    -	for(i=0; table[i].price!=0; i++)
    -	if(equal(table[i].name, bp))
    -		return(i);
    -	return(-1);
    -}
    -
    -equal(s1, s2)
    -char *s1, *s2;
    -{
    -	register char *c1, *c2;
    -
    -	c1 = s1;
    -	c2 = s2;
    -	while(*c1++ == *c2)
    -		if(*c2++ == '\0')
    -			return(1);
    -	return(0);
    -}
    //GO.SYSIN DD m.c
    echo min40.cf
    sed 's/.//' >min40.cf <<'//GO.SYSIN DD min40.cf'
    -1	kd11-a
    -1	ke11-e
    -1	kt11-d
    -1	kw11-l
    -1	mf11-u
    -1	mm11-u
    -1	rk11
    -1	rk05
    -1	lt33-dc
    -1	dl11-a
    //GO.SYSIN DD min40.cf
    echo min45.cf
    sed 's/.//' >min45.cf <<'//GO.SYSIN DD min45.cf'
    -1	kb11
    -1	kt11-c
    -1	kw11-l
    -1	mf11-u
    -1	mm11-u
    -1	rk11
    -1	rk05
    -1	lt33-dc
    -1	dl11-a
    //GO.SYSIN DD min45.cf
    echo rc
    sed 's/.//' >rc <<'//GO.SYSIN DD rc'
    -conf -list -/45-cu </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-cu </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-cw </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-cw </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-na </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-na </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-nc </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-nc </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-ne </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-ne </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-nh </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-nh </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-ps </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-ps </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-pu </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-pu </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-pw </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-rp </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-rp </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-rs </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-rs </dev/null
    -conf -list -/45-ru </dev/null
    -conf -list -/50-ru </dev/null
    //GO.SYSIN DD rc
    echo x
    sed 's/.//' >x <<'//GO.SYSIN DD x'
    -11/45
    -64k
    -8dh
    //GO.SYSIN DD x

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Subject: Re: PUPS Stats + plan9?
    Date: Sun, 21 May 2000 20:34:51 -0400
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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     > [Dennis, this bounced 1st time]

    We had independent weather-related electrical,  network, and a bit
    of Plan 9-related turbulence around the end of the week.
    Stability seems back now.

     > 	Just some stats. Since SCO set up a hyperlink to the PUPS Archive
     > here, I've had 11.6 Gbytes of downloads. Must be a record for bytes of
     > PDP-11 software distribution in a given period. I wonder how the SCO web
     > site has been?

    Glad to see it--though these storms can be a bit of a pain while
    they're happening.

     > Any luck with the new license for Plan 9? Will it cover previous Plan 9
     > releases, or just the latest one? And do you think Lucent would allow
     > us to add 8th, 9th and 10th Edition UNIX into the PUPS Archive?

    The Plan 9 license is back from the lawyer, but is still being trimmed,
    though mostly at the level of fixing typos.  I think it will be
    a bit of a surprise to some who follow the 9fans list or comp.os.plan9.
    There is also the question of arranging appropriate PR
    about it vs. Inferno.  There is going to be some PR about both.

    I've thought about 8th and later Unix editions.  As I think I have
    mentioned, there never was a 9th or 10th edition distribution, though
    there was a printed manual for both.   For the 8th there is
    a coherent collection.  The question here is whether we want
    to put it under the shadow of SCO, or BSD, or whatever.

    	Regards,
    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: PUPS Stats + plan9?
    Date: Sun, 21 May 2000 20:56:19 -0400
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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     > I thought that you could use a license similar to the Plan9 one that is
     > currently being crafted. Anyway, at any time Lucent is prepared to offer
     > this stuff, we have a disk with unused 0s and 1s sitting here....

    I don't think there is a Lucent problem with the material as such,
    except perhaps figuring out whether 8th (say) belongs more
    to us or in some way to SCO, and what to do about the
    fact that there is considerable old BSD code there.
    Both Plan 9 distributions (existing and about-to-be)
    are complicated much by other-party material,
    in the Plan 9 case, especially by proprietary fonts
    for the screen and for printers.  (We even had a dust-up
    with the heirs of Bela Lugosi, and also whoever takes
    care of Ed Wood's interests).

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au, norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca
    Subject: Re: 10e `distribution'
    Date: Thu, 15 Jun 2000 22:11:33 -0400
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    As I've probably told both Norman and Warren on various
    occasions though likely in pieces, the problems with a 10e
    'distribution' are basically two:

    First is just the mechanics of getting something barely
    coherent, meaning getting rid of stuff that might
    have been fiddled for 10e but isn't interesting.
    We do have a snapshot called bowell.src.fs, but
    it's 360 megabytes. If norman has something along these
    lines (but much smaller) that might be interesting.

    Second is the legalities.  A lot of the messiness in arranging
    both Plan 9 distributions (including the latest) was in dealing
    with third-party rights--things we got from somewhere.
    Various bits that were in the second Plan 9 aren't in the
    recent one just because of the work involved in correspondence
    with people who might well be amenable, but finding the
    right person and dickering over details became cumbersome.
    (This gets into the first point; just identifying what not to
    include involves some work).

    The kernel is an interesting question--who claims it?
    It is a well-delimited area and the third-party aspect
    is limited too.  It derives from an early BSD (pre-"liberated" BSD)
    together with our work (including Norman's)
    and thus is arguably SCO's, especially given that the
    most important 10e (from 8e) changes are the streams
    ideas.  So I suspect that what is needed is the inclusion
    of it into the SCO ancient unix mechanism.   I'm sure
    that if SCO accepted that, there would be no local problem.

    Specifically, there won't be anyone here willing to assert
    that 10e or 8e is ours to do with as we please, though
    if it were, a license along the lines of the current Plan 9
    one would be trivial; the sticking point is that there
    is no interest in asserting the ownership.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: 10e `distribution'
    Date: Thu, 15 Jun 2000 23:05:04 -0400
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    8th-10th edition were Vax-only and ultimately derive
    from 32V via Berkeley (together with our stuff).  This would be the argument
    to use with SCO, given that 32v is already in Ancient Unix,
    and also that SCO owns the direct descendant of the
    streams stuff,  done by us originally, and now in SV.

     > Would Lucent be prepared to claim that they own those parts of 10e that
     > are not specifically part of 7e?

    This is exactly  the part that's hard, not because of possible
    Lucent claim on parts, but just because convincing Lucent to assert
    such a claim will get people into a place they're not interested in exploring.
    The problem isn't to protect our interest in the code, it's avoiding
    an attempt to make claims on territory that has pretty much
    been conceded to SCO, and whose terms are already reasonable.

    I think I could fairly easily get a letter saying that Lucent has no problem
    with v8 (or v10) availability provided that SCO made it clear that
    they were OK with this under their ancient unix terms.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Norman Wilson <norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com, wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: 10e `distribution'
    Date: 	Fri, 16 Jun 2000 10:16:18 -0400
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    To answer the easy questions (before I check out of my hotel
    in Albuquerque, and hence go offline for another couple of days):

    I'm pretty sure the kernel that turned into 8e was an old enough
    4BSD (4.1a or something) that it required only a 32V license.
    The sticking points are the stream I/O system, /proc, and
    pjw's network file system, all of which were adopted in one
    way or another by System V, even though they were changed
    a lot in the process.  (I was going to write `mutated' but choked
    on the mixed metaphor, and it's too close to `mutilated,' which is
    true to some extent but not exactly fair.)

    10e runs only on VAXes, and I believe never ran on anything
    else; certainly the 4.xBSD kernel it is based on was full of VAX
    dependencies.  So the `16-bit PDP-11' clause is no help.  The
    `early 32-bit' clause probably applies to the base BSD kernel,
    but not to the things that make it V8.

    So, at least for the kernel, it's up to SCO.

    And then there's all the code that runs in user mode.  The
    most obvious distinguishing feature is all the jerq support;
    that ended up in much-changed form in System V too.  There
    are newer copies of things like troff and awk, some of which
    may cause trouble, some not.  There are also some things that
    were adopted from System V into the Research system; make
    comes to mind.  That the code even in 10e is all at least
    five years old (most of it probably at least ten) may help, but
    I think we will still need to clear it with SCO.  It may be easier
    for the V8 tape (if anyone still has a copy; come to think of it,
    there may be one in Australia, at either Sydney Uni or UNSW,
    I forget which) because that is much older.

    On the other hand, although the ideas and some of the code
    are in System V, the Research system certainly isn't the same
    as System V, nor is it a successor system; so one could argue
    that the Ancient UNIX license applies anyway.  I take that to
    mean not that we shouldn't ask SCO explicitly but that they
    can declare 8e-10e to be within the intent of the existing license
    rather than drawing up a new one.

    I am less worried about the work of sorting the code out
    If I understand correctly, Warren's primary interest is historic
    preservation, so weeding out `uninteresting' stuff is probably
    unnecessary and in fact undesirable.  If we can weed out
    the stuff that might make SCO or Lucent or AT&T unhappy if
    released, that is probably good enough; if someone wants to
    run the system, they can do the work.  (And, as I said earlier,
    I'll be going through a form of the wretched make-it-all-work-again
    exercise for my own purposes, though I plan to toss a lot of
    old code aside.  Dennis will remember how much I like to do
    that anyway.)

    My snapshot is in two pieces: a copy of most of bowell's
    /usr/src, leaving out stuff that was just there for reference;
    a copy of r70's root and /usr with a few obvious cleanups,
    e.g. I took care to leave the password file behind.  Both
    were taken sometime in the summer of 1995.  They add up
    to something like 200MB.  It's no skin off my nose to spend
    a day or two assembling them and writing a few explanatory
    notes for posterity and trimming away major subsystems that
    we can't clear up the licensing for and so on.  The first question
    is whether SCO will let us do it at all.

    Dennis: do you know whether any of Andrew's old optical-disk
    backups contain enough stuff to reconstruct a 9th-Edition-era
    snapshot?  I can't remember just when he started that work.

    Ironically, I'll be in Santa Cruz this Sunday, but that is presumably
    not a good day to talk to SCO's lawyers, and in any rate I'd
    rather not do business myself that day.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: 10e `distribution'
    In-Reply-To: <200006160211.MAA29034@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com" at "Jun 15, 2000 10:11:33 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Fri, 16 Jun 2000 12:30:25 +1000 (EST)
    Cc: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au, norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > So I suspect that what is needed is the inclusion
    > of it into the SCO ancient unix mechanism.   I'm sure
    > that if SCO accepted that, there would be no local problem.

    What platform or platforms does 10th Edition run on? I ask because the
    SCO Ancient UNIX source license says:

    	The SOURCE CODE PRODUCTS to which SCO grants rights under this
    	AGREEMENT are restricted to the following UNIX Operating Systems,
    	including SUCCESSOR OPERATING SYSTEMs, that operate on the 16-Bit
    	PDP-11 CPU and early versions of the 32-Bit UNIX Operating System
    	with specific exclusion of UNIX System V and successor operating
    	systems:

            	16-Bit UNIX Editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 32-bit 32V

    If 10th Edition runs on the PDP-11 platform, then I believe that Lucent
    could distribute the source code, as it is a successor system. We already
    have a similar agreement from DEC/Compaq to allow Ultrix-11 to be
    distributed to holders of the SCO Ancient UNIX license.

    > Specifically, there won't be anyone here willing to assert
    > that 10e or 8e is ours to do with as we please, though
    > if it were, a license along the lines of the current Plan 9
    > one would be trivial; the sticking point is that there
    > is no interest in asserting the ownership.
    > 	Dennis

    Would Lucent be prepared to claim that they own those parts of 10e that
    are not specifically part of 7e? If so, and if 10e runs on the PDP-11,
    we can proceed as we did with Ultrix-11.

    Thanks again,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Norman Wilson <norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca>
    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: 10e `distribution'
    Date: 	Sun, 18 Jun 2000 19:46:23 -0400
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    Wasn't Dave Kapilow's Research-UNIX-on-Sun stuff done during
    the Ninth Edition era?  If so, a copy of that tape might be of
    interest.  I think Geoff Collyer had an official copy of that tape
    when he was at U of T; I'll ask him.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: K&R c pre-processor
    Date: Sat, 1 Jul 2000 22:17:21 -0400
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    I know of only two cpps from here;   the one in  V7 V8...V10
    whose README says that it's a version
    of the Reiser one from V7,  and the one I did more recently,
    which is definitely intended for ANSI (as of C89).  Both
    are readily available; for example the ANSI one is part
    of LCC.

    In looking through versions of the earlier one (directly descended
    from V7 via Reiser and Berkeley) there are
    a lot of messy differences.  (I was tempted to say
    a priori that they wouldn't be there, but they are.)

    What's actually needed?

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au>
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    Subject: K&R c pre-processor
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com (Dennis Ritchie)
    Date: Sun, 2 Jul 2000 10:17:24 +1000 (EST)
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    Dennis,
    	Someone just asked me about a freely-available K&R C pre-processor.
    Definitely K&R, not ANSI C. I have a vague memory that you posted such a
    beast, or gave me one, about 5 years ago.

    Many thanks for any pointers.

    Cheers!
    	Warren
    --upas-puxcawqbsxrjtdlpkzedfipxys--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Message-Id: <200008032210.IAA03108@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    To: bostic@abyssinian.sleepycat.com, clemc@mro.dec.com,
            dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com, henry@zoo.toronto.edu, mash@mash.engr.sgi.com,
            mckusick@McKusick.COM, rhaight@jedi.accn.org, ted@softbank.com,
            wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Any USG releases still out there?
    Status: RO
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    All,		[ e-mail to several people ]

    	The archive of old UNIXes I maintain here has a serious gap when
    it comes to the releases from USG. All I've got is copies of PWB/UNIX 1.0
    donated by Keith Bostic and Henry Spencer (thanks guys), and Mini UNIX.
    I think I've squeezed everything I can out of Dennis :-) Many thanks!

    Is there anything from USG you might have which could be added into our
    Unix Archive? I'd love these things:

    	PWB/UNIX before 1.0, PWB/UNIX 2.0, MERT, UNIX/TS (any versions),
    CB UNIX, anything that eventually led to Sys III.

    The archive at present does contain SysIII and SysV for the PDP-11. I
    should mention that the archive can be acccessed by the web or ftp.
    The details are at http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/TUHS/archive_sites.html.
    You need to know the username (au2108) and password (wup6elb), and be
    covered by a source license.

    No source license? Go to http://www.sco.com/offers/ancient.html to get one.

    Finally, a bit of nostalgia from the PWB/UNIX 1.0 files appears below.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

         Installation of PWB/UNIX Edition 1.0

    DISPOSITION:

         PWB User's Manual (User's Documentation, Book One)

                   "The air is humming,
                   And something great is coming.
                   Come on, deliver to me ..."

                        - West Side Story
                          L. Bernstein & S. Sondheim

    PWB/UNIX Edition 1.0 is currently being tested on UNIX A.  It
    will be installed on the other BISP PDP-11's as follows:

         UNIX D:    6/6/77
         UNIX B,F:  6/13/77

    PWB/UNIX Edition 1.0 will be available to the rest of the world
    on 7/1/77.  It will not be installed on Systems C and E; those
    users are moving to the new Systems G and H in July, and they
    will get PWB/UNIX Edition 1.0 at that time.

    There are a number of differences between PWB/UNIX Edition 1.0
    and the "old" version currently installed on PWB Systems B-F.
    These differences range from major to trivial. [long list omitted]

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: research 8th edition
    Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2000 14:41:50 -0400
    To: wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au
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    Someone asked me about this recently--
    Did anything ever happen with SCO on this?
    All I can find in my mailbox is inconclusive.
    (Actually, would it be Caldera now?)

    I have a still-live link on my pages to the ancient unix license,
    but I couldn't see how to get to it from
    the SCO home pages.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: research 8th edition
    Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2000 20:28:20 -0400
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    Thx.  That's the link I have.

    I'll deal with the particular inquiries I got; I was just
    wondering whether something had happened that
    I forgot or didn't hear about.

    	Regards,
    	Dennis

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    Subject: Re: research 8th edition
    In-Reply-To: <200010261842.FAA05608@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com"
     at "Oct 26, 2000 02:41:50 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2000 08:31:18 +1100 (EST)
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Someone asked me about this recently--
    > Did anything ever happen with SCO on this?
    > All I can find in my mailbox is inconclusive.
    > (Actually, would it be Caldera now?)
    >
    > I have a still-live link on my pages to the ancient unix license,
    > but I couldn't see how to get to it from
    > the SCO home pages.
    >
    > 	Dennis

    Hi Dennis, the SCO page is http://www.sco.com/offers/ancient.html

    No, I haven't heard from SCO at all. I might send them in another e-mail.

    As for who now owns the rights to the source, who knows? SCO are still
    giving out electronic licenses, for all that's worth ....

    I'll let you know what I come up with.

    Many thanks again!

    	Warren
    --upas-dcieahachwhoubvlpyozjjiqko--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: More old tapes
    Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2000 20:15:01 -0500
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    I have suspicions about the possibility for 4th edition, but
    if it's real I'd like to grab it instanter.  The Miller Interdata
    version would be a real find also.  Thanks for keeping me
    informed.

    These, together with a PWB, are things about which I
    think there are no IP issues given agreements you already
    have.

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@henry.cs.adfa.edu.au>
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    Subject: More old tapes
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2000 09:00:39 +1100 (EST)
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    Dennis, interesting news. From Greg Lehey:

    >> I was talking to Henry Hall this morning, and he tells me he thinks he
    >> has some old UNIX tapes, possibly 4th Edition, 5th Edition and PWB.
    >> They'd be on 9" tapes, probably 800 or 1600 bpi.  Henry's in Concorde
    >> MA.

    And from Richar Miller, who was at Wollongong Uni in Australia but now in
    the UK; he has a copy of the Wollongong Interdata port of 6th Edition on
    tape as well.

    If & when we get these copied, I'll pass their contents on to you.

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-spmbxmqnonhtsouqqwuplpjyfb--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Richard's thinking just like me--the basic stuff (e.g. kernel) no one
    really cares about now in terms of IP,  but there are some
    adhesions that persist.

    I don't recall Henry Hall either, but something might jog
    the memory.  See what happens, I guess.

    	Dennis

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    Subject: Re: More old tapes
    In-Reply-To: <200011020115.MAA00424@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com"
     at "Nov 1, 2000 08:15:01 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2000 12:30:19 +1100 (EST)
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > I have suspicions about the possibility for 4th edition, but
    > if it's real I'd like to grab it instanter.  The Miller Interdata
    > version would be a real find also.  Thanks for keeping me
    > informed.
    >
    > These, together with a PWB, are things about which I
    > think there are no IP issues given agreements you already
    > have.
    >
    > 	Dennis

    Richard Miller thinks there may be some IP in the Interdata port that
    flowed on to the Wollongong Group. If not, the Uni of Wollongong might
    claim it. Anyway, he's contacting some people to get a blessing at least
    from the Uni.

    I don't know Henry Hall, do you know him? I guess you let out 4th Ed
    to a few places after SOSP/CACM, so it is possible, just unlikely, that
    there is a surviving copy.

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-qglidllfmqiqqwizxrotukkgsd--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
    Subject: Re: Ancient UNIX: can we extend the license?
    Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2000 22:16:52 -0500
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    Thanks for (re-)sending on the question to SCO--at least
    it might begin to smoke out whether the ancient license
    stuff is going to continue with them or Caldera.  Maybe
    this is like what happened when we were trying to get
    the Lions book permissions from SCO just as they were
    taking over from Novell.  Took a while to sort this out.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: davidey@sco.COM
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    Subject: Re: Ancient UNIX: can we extend the license?
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     > The short answer is that, until the deal closes around the first of the year,
     > there is pretty much a moratorium on doing anything with the intellectual
     > property -- I think SCO just wants to get the whole thing turned over to
     > Caldera, and let them figure out what they want to do with it.

    Thanks for the note to Warren and me--I understand the situation better
    now.  It's much like the moment when the Unix property was
    about to be turned over from Novell to SCO and we approached
    Michels and Tilson about the reprinting of the Lions book.
    Both were sympathetic, but had other things to worry about
    at the moment.  (Happily, once the deal was done, it all worked
    out.)

    The 8th Edition question has its own complications (e.g. there
    is much newer code involved than in the things that are
    part of the currrent "historical" SCO offerings).  But I can
    certainly understand why SCO has other IP issues to
    think about now.

    	Dennis Ritchie

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: When did /etc/passwd....
    Date: Thu, 1 Mar 2001 02:16:56 -0500
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    How'd you manage to come by a 3rd or 4th edition manual?
    Even I would have to go into the Labs to get the 3rd!
    Or 2nd, for that matter.  I do have 4-7 at home, and
    of course the 1st is online.

    I made a bit of a start at the 10th online, incidentally.
     http://plan9.bell-labs.com/10thEdMan
    This is not announced yet, and not linked from anywhere.

    So far it has just a couple of the papers from vol 2
    and some of its interesting pictures.  I'm not sure how
    to carry this--doing the main pages doesn't seem too hard
    but the papers are a problem.  Mechanically they aren't
    in as good shape as I thought at first, and many of them
    are about programs you can't get any more and of course
    were done by others.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: When did /etc/passwd....
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    I must be getting old--yes, the v2 and v3 are indeed still on line
    here also.  I did just what I should have done a bit over a year
    ago, and put the v3 and v4 references into my shell script for
    mounting the local  archived systems.  I'd forgotten that
    they were buried, let alone where.

    Indexing is important!

    About the scanning of v2 and v5: I am confident that there is
    no problem with doing this.  I'm a little surprised that we or
    you or Norman  haven't turned up the troff version of the 5th
    manual.  But in any case, it is fairly clear (based on experience
    with 1,3,4,6,7) that adding the missing ones couldn't cause
    a furore.

    Shannon's been away for a long time--he went to MIT
    even before I arrived.  I think I only met him once, and
    "met" is the wrong word--he gave a local talk when I
    was in high school or earlier, and showed the mouse-maze
    demo that is pictured in many of the obit photos.  This
    was especially neat--he needed two relay flip-flops per square
    to record the path (first pass: poke around the 4 directions;
    as the mouse finds a non-wall, remember which of NESW
    got the mouse out. Eventually it stumbles to the goal.
    Second pass: just follow the recorded ways out.  Not
    optimal, but no mistakes.)

    But more on the topic of history: it turns out that the Bell Labs
    library still does keep many things on microfiche and will
    retrieve them, now by online request.  One that I just ordered
    is an internal Technical Memorandum by Shannon, TM43-110-44
    entitled 'Analogue of the Vernam System for Continuous Time Series'.
    This is, I think, reprinted in the collection of his works in the
    book edited by Sloane and Wyner, but it will be interesting to
    see the original: "TM43-..." means that was written in 1943.
    This work is probably related to the telephone communication system
    used by Churchill and Roosevelt during WW2.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Syscall design in 1st Edition?
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     > Who was/were responsible for the choice of system calls for the PDP-7
     > version and the 1st Edition of UNIX? How was the choice made, what was
     > thrown out, etc etc. I'm still impressed how many of this original set of
     > system calls still exist, albeit in an evolved format.

    Ken.  But the I/O scheme was sort of ancestral in that the open/close/read/write/seek
    things were pretty much directly from Multics.  Of course the
    basic idea of such operations was older, but the byte-buffer idea
    was at least fairly fresh in Multics.  Its direct predecessor CTSS
    was much more more block-oriented.

    The place where real evolution (in system calls)  took place in the
    PDP-7 system was with fork/exec.  This covered pretty well
    in the Evolution paper on my homepage.  This was on the '7;
    the other big early change (on transition to the PDP-11) was
    the acquisition of file path names.  This is in the same paper as well.

     > Also, at least for 1st Edition, you chose to implement these as real
     > system calls (i.e with a SYS instruction, rather than a subroutine
     > call). Was this for a reason? The PDP-11/20 didn't have have a user/kernel
     > mode distinction, so again I'm impressed by the foresight. It's a pity
     > that the microcomputer OS designers didn't think so clearly.

    Even on the PDP-7 system calls were done with some sort of
    trap instruction, which I no longer remember.  The idea of having
    a clear system vs user distinction (even if the hardware didn't help)
    was another of the things that was absorbed, not only from Multics
    but also from CTSS and (in Ken's case) presumably from the Berkeley
    SDS 940 system.   These earlier systems did have a clear hardware
    distinction, and even when our hardware didn't support it
    nicely (particularly separation of address space), it seemed only
    natural to do things this way--if for no other reason than that
    it made it simpler to tweak and recompile the OS and the user
    programs independently, with the system call numbers providing
    the naming connection.

    	Regards,
    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Ancient Unix licenses?
    Date: Wed, 4 Apr 2001 21:09:37 -0400
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    Warren--
    	I've also been in contact with Greg P about other aspects
    of his project.   I can't see any reason why you can't send
    whatever versions of the licenses themselves you have--
    except for your work & expense involved in dredging them up
    and sending them.  SCO and AT&T and Lucent also seem to have
    lost them, just as you say.  But I don't think they're sensitive material
    now (nor were they then).

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    No, I don't have any early licenses either--if I did,
    I'd send them (and I did try). But do as you think appropriate,
    either because you're uncertain about the propriety,
    or just because it's too much annoyance to dig them
    up and find the best way to transmit them.  Greg has
    also said that he's a bit overwhelmed by the amount
    of other material that he's accumulated, and unless
    he presses you about this specifically, he probably has
    plenty to work with already.

    I'm also curious about SCO->Caldera, but (just as in the
    past) the problem at either place will be finding someone
    who is at all interested in the issue.  This means that
    getting any sort of permission will be hard, but it also
    means that in fact the chances of any sort of problem
    are vanishingly small.  Still, I sympathize with reluctance.

    	Dennis

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    Subject: Re: Ancient Unix licenses?
    In-Reply-To: <200104050109.LAA22780@csadfa.cs.adfa.edu.au> from "dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com"
     at "Apr 4, 2001 09:09:37 pm"
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Date: Thu, 5 Apr 2001 11:13:08 +1000 (EST)
    Reply-To: wkt@cs.adfa.edu.au
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    In article by dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com:
    > Warren--
    > 	I've also been in contact with Greg P about other aspects
    > of his project.   I can't see any reason why you can't send
    > whatever versions of the licenses themselves you have--
    > except for your work & expense involved in dredging them up
    > and sending them.  SCO and AT&T and Lucent also seem to have
    > lost them, just as you say.  But I don't think they're sensitive material
    > now (nor were they then).
    > 	Dennis

    Ah, for protecting-my-butt legal reasons, I'd still prefer that we get
    releases from the organisations concerned :-)

    I'm still on tenterhooks waiting to find out what Caldera will do the
    the Ancient UNIX IP once they finalise the transfer from SCO.

    You (i.e you individually and/or Lucent) wouldn't have any really old
    licenses lying around, e.g 4th Ed to 6th Ed?!

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-afwbxomqszxwrmyexbkzxbkfuc--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    For your amusement, here's what I got this afternoon from
    him in the midst of a continuing conversation.  I'm concocting
    the answer.

    Abt a hand-written note, no, but I do have some old correspondence
    asking about things.  We shall see.

    ---

    From: gmp216@nyu.edu
    Date: Wed Apr  4 16:40:55 EDT 2001
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: ancient Unix question

    > The one you probably know about was the USL vs BSDI and
    > shortly the regents of U California about trade secret and copyright
    > issues, which did reach prelimination litigation in federal court,
    > and was settled after Judge Debevoise made some rulings that
    > didn't look good for USL. I still have much of the public paperwork
    > (machine-readable) about this.

    I have the documents that were posted to the BSDI ftp site
    (ftp.bsdi.com/bsdi/info/usl). If you have anything that's not posted there, I'd
    love to see it. Also, Kirk McKusick has sent me a box of documents which has
    not arrived yet. The only thing I don't have that I'd really like to see is the
    Memorandum for Record mentioned in footnote 2 of the March 30, 1993 court
    ruling --

           n2 AT&T's policy of affixing copyright notice apparently began about
           July 16, 1984. AT&T's "Memorandum For Record" of that date, the
           document that implemented the policy, discusses issues that are
           characteristic of the initial implementation of a new policy. (Earhart
           Decl., Ex. A at P 4, 5.)

    I suppose this is probably under seal.

    Regarding the on-again/off-again copyright notices on the early Unix sources, I
    have gotten the following story from Steve Johnson, and I thought you might
    have some comments on it or some related stories to add:

            I believe at the time that
            copyrighting source code required that all the code be
            placed in the Library of Congress.  The lawyers first
            demanded that every fine, including data files for programs
            such as cron, be copyrighted.  In many cases, this required
            us to recognize a comment convention for the data in the
            file, which in turn required us to change the programs
            that read those data files.  This was a major pain.

            We had no sooner finished doing this than the lawyers
            reversed their stand, believing that the danger of putting
            the source code in the Library of Congress was greater
            than the danger of treating it as a trade secret with a
            licencing agreement.  They then required us to remove
            all the copyright notices.

    The Version 7 Unix tape I have has this comment in /usr/doc/cman:

            Sorry, but for copyright reasons, the source
            for the C Reference Manual is not distributed.

    Do you know if this has anything to do with the publication of the K&R book?

    Finally, for some reason I'm really curious about wump.c... Is there a story
    behind this? It looks like it was translated from BASIC into C from the first
    1973 issue of the PCC newsletter, so I assume Bell Telephone Labs was
    subscribed to that publication or someone picked up a copy on a trip to
    California. Hunt the Wumpus shows up in various guises throughout this story
    (it was actually one of the programs cloned for the BSD Net/2 distribution). Do
    you know any details of its early history?

    >        Regards and good luck, and if your project turns up
    >         anything interesting, let me know!

    Thanks a lot for your help! This project has turned out to be far more fruitful
    than I thought when I started out, and I am basically drowning in interesting
    material. I'll be sure to send you a draft when one is available.

    ---
    Greg Pomerantz

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Here's what I last sent to Greg.  The putting-in and and subsequent
    removal of the copyright notices happened well before 32V,
    although 32V, as the primary source for BSD was presumably
    most important in the lawsuit.

    Saw your note to the usenix group asking to see any early
    licenses.  As I said, I am quite sure that the licenses themselves
    are not sensitive in any way, but I can understand that you want
    to be careful with your materials.

    	D.

     ----
    From: dmr
    Date: Wed Apr  4 22:36:43 EDT 2001
    To: gmp216@nyu.edu dmr
    Subject: Re: ancient Unix question

    The only USL-BSDI lawsuit material I have came from BSDI's site as well.  If you're
    in contact with Kirk, he's a better source.

    On the Memo for Record:  1984 was
    when AT&T was just leaping into the commercialization,
    and so they were presumably thinking more carefully
    about the IP issues, and maybe there were changes in law or
    regs.  The earlier advice about whether to incorporate copyright
    notices mentioned by Johnson occurred well before this.

    Incidentally, I spent a lot of time with the USL folks
    before the suit trying to work out some sort of
    compromise, though to no avail.  At least I
    managed to keep the trust of both sides.

    Steve Johnson's story about the copyright notices is in accordance
    with my memory, although I don't remember the LOC
    specifically.  There was a brief period when the lawyers
    decided that copyright and trade secret were incompatible,
    and they'd rather go with the latter.  Whether or not
    this was true or they were mistaken in their belief as of
    then-current law, I know not.

    This  probably happened between the 4th and 5th
    edition.  One of the reasons for doing the 5th so
    close to the 4th was that the 4th (I think) had the notices;
    the 5th was done partly to take them out.  We
    wrote to the holders of the 4th and offered a
    free upgrade to people who would send back
    the older tape.

    [The first draft of this paragraph said "5th and 6th"
    editions.  In checking the dates, 4th and 5th is much
    more likely to be accurate:  4th was Nov 1973, 5th was
    June, 1974.  6th was May, 1975.    We don't have
    the sources for the 4th ed, so I can't verify the
    existence of included copyright notices in its code.
    We do have the 5th and 6th sources, and they definitely
    lack them.  This is to some extent a reconstruction,
    but there was definitely a flip-flop in advice, as Johnson
    remembers.]

    [Another side note: although I don't have text of the
    licenses to prove it, there was a definite change between
    the 6th and 7th licenses about University teaching.
    John Lions wrote his "Commentary" book about the 6th
    and this was regarded with mixed reaction from the
    growing business group.  More about this if you need it.]

    About  C manual: yes.  K&R 1 and the 7th edition were
    more or less the same time, and Brian and I wanted
    to sell more books.  I don't think we even consulted
    with Prentice-Hall, we just decided not to distribute
    what amounted to a chunk of the book.

    The wumpus game was indeed from PCC, I believe,
    though there were other versions.  I think we did
    have a subscription, or maybe just Ken did.  He wrote the C
    (maybe even B) translation for his son, who was
    just at the right age at the time.

    You'll have to wheedle Toomey about seeing the early licenses
    themselves.  I didn't save them, and at some point a bit
    ago I tried to find an appropriate archive in the company,
    but this bit of history seems to have been lost locally.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: gmp216@nyu.edu
    Subject: 0.1th Edition
    Date: Wed, 11 Apr 2001 07:04:50 +0000
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    I am writing to let you know that a very preliminary draft of my Unix legal
    history paper is available. If you are interested, you can grab a copy at the
    URLs listed below. This is not a public distribution, so let me know if you'd
    like to share this with anyone.

    This stuff is a very preliminary state. Only the ancient history and some legal
    background is really written down, with almost all of the actual Unix and free
    software material is still in outline form. So in other words its probably not
    particularly interesting to anyone right now, but it costs me nothing to share
    it, so here it goes...

    troff sources -- http://home.nyu.edu/~gmp216/b-0.1/b-0.1.tar.gz
    dvi           -- http://home.nyu.edu/~gmp216/b-0.1/b.dvi
    postscript    -- http://home.nyu.edu/~gmp216/b-0.1/b.ps

    ---
    Greg Pomerantz

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Message-Id: <200106070621.QAA68987@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: s1 DECtape fragments
    Date: Thu, 7 Jun 2001 02:21:08 -0400
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    Turns out I have the required  uid and passwd already saved up,
    but I looked again at your decoded treasures.   Probably only
    some bits of the s1 tape are actually interesting, but there are
    some stories.

    E.g. the init.s in s1/frag2 has reference to "melda" and other
    strings with "mel" -- this is Michael E. Lesk, and "da" is
    directory assistance.  He wrote an early program to do name
    lookup from a touch-tone phone.   It used a mechanical-optical
    voice generator to read back the number (much like traditional
    film sound techniques).  Later, in the lab, we got a real AT&T
    Picturephone (very low-res TV phone) which actually could
    connect over the building phone network to (and between)
    executives.   There was a large box of hardware that could render
    text (expensive CGA -> Picturephone video), so from
    our Picturephone we could call the local number, key in a name,
    and see the names and numbers on the screen.

    There was also a Picturephone link to the Holmdel site of
    the Labs, about an hour south, which had a TV camera in
    a videoconf-demo room.  It could be pointed and zoomed by
    Touchtone keying.  We sometimes watched the Watergate
    senate hearings by pointing the camera at a regular TV screen
    left on in the Holmdel room.

    But in some ways, the interesting part of this particular fragment
    is that /usr/mel/da was hard-coded in init.s.  Live and learn.

    And also, your note reminded me to repatriate the 3rd and 4th manuals for
    storage here as well.  Even though I seem to have helped
    supply them, local digital versions aren't conveniently at hand.
    Redundancy is good.

    	Regards,
    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Message-Id: <200106070436.OAA67853@minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au>
    Subject: s1 DECtape fragments
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Thu, 7 Jun 2001 14:36:32 +1000 (EST)
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    Dennis,
    	Those fragments of files that I was able to extract from the
    s1 DECtape you have. I've modified my source code comparator at
    http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree
    so that you can now compare the actual differences between files.

    So for example, by clicking on the Search button on
    http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/1972_stuff/s1/frag0.html

    I can see that this fragment was a part of ed3.s, and I can compare
    the fragment to the 5th Edition version of ed3.s

    The web server isn't intelligent to know that you wrote all this source,
    so you can use au2000 and rmq7hle for authentication.

    Cheers,
    	Warren
    --upas-rncfvljxonovarlbvbfaymrbjc--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: [tuhs] Dumbo question. Why is /etc named thus?
    Date: Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:45:12 -0400
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     > Dennis, this just came up on one of the old Unix mailing lists. What is the
     > answer?

    /etc is (was) just the obvious et cetera--things that had to be around
    (some executables like init, other data sources like passwd).
    A pot to put things in.

    More interesting as a name was /crp, which survived less well.
    It stood ambivalently for "crap" and "creep" as a name for
    a disk partition on which to place big temporary things, and
     home directories of various guests.  Not backed-up well.

     > I've just switched jobs and now lecture at a university in southern Queensland,
     > the weather is much nicer than down in Canberra.

    I'd noticed your change, what with the establishment of tuhs.org and
    maybe some earlier mail.  Best fortune in the new position.
    Actually, every time I've been to either Canberra or Qld the
    weather has been wonderful, but I've evidently timed my visits carefully.

    	Regards,
    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org, norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca
    Subject: Re: MicroVAX 10th edition? (fwd)
    Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 02:53:59 -0500
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    To recapitulate the situation:

    The 8th edition material does exist in coherent form from
    tapes, and I have it: two tapes in tar format.  It's clean
    in that it has virtually nothing from outside.  The only
    issue would be whether Caldera can be induced to
    think about it.  I don't see a problem with compressing
    it and making it available to you.

    There are two parts: one is the main system and its
    software (34MB uncompressed) and the jerq/blit
    material (18MB).   I could compress it and make it
    available to you.

    9th, 10th stuff is not sorted out.  Norman collected some
    sort of snapshot circa the 10th edition manual, but
    we don't have it in coherent form; it never was a distribution
    as such.

    I do have the contents of much of the source, but as Norman observes,
    there is a lot in what we've both got that would have
    to be gone through.  (bowell.src.fs weighs in at 369MB).

    	Dennis

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Message-Id: <200112100359.fBA3xah77994@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: MicroVAX 10th edition? (fwd)
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 14:59:35 +1100 (EST)
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    Dennis,
    	I'm trying to persuade Norman to let me take an off-site archive
    of his 10th Edition setup, just so that we have a preserve of bits now,
    pending any developments on the legal front. He's amenable, but he also
    asked if I had contacted you about the 8th Edition tapes. Could I do the
    same with any 8th or 9th Edition tapes that you have? I am already sitting
    on a pile of sensitive things which I promise never to release until
    it's legally feasible.

    Thanks,
    	Warren

    ----- Forwarded message from Norman Wilson -----
    From: Norman Wilson <norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca>
    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: MicroVAX 10th edition?
    Date: Thu,  6 Dec 2001 12:07:49 -0500

    Good point re off-site backups of the original snapshot.  There
    is some cleanup that had better be done even of that to remove
    third-party licensed stuff that happened to be kept in /usr/src,
    e.g. there is an old copy of Matlab and probably one of
    Macsyma; none of it has anything to do with UNIX anyway.
    But that (possibly plus spinning an old tape to make sure I am
    starting from a pristine and complete snapshot) shouldn't take
    more than an afternoon to do once I'm back home, and now
    is probably the best time in ages for me to get around to it.

    I propose that you nag me about it in about Monday week or
    thereabouts, by which time it will likely be possible for me
    just to sit down and do it.

    I wish I had a copy of the V8 tape handy too.  Have you asked
    Dennis about that?  There's a small chance that I can find one
    elsewhere in Toronto (the guy who would know now lives in
    Oakland CA, and in fact is here at LISA), but only a small
    chance.  I'll try to remembere to poke him tomorrow.
    ----- End of forwarded message from Norman Wilson -----
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    From: Norman Wilson <norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca>
    To: wkt@tuhs.org, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: MicroVAX 10th edition? (fwd)
    Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:02:32 -0500
    X-Mailer: EPOC32 Email Version 1.50
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    There actually was a sort of V9 tape that I was reminded of
    a few days ago because I encountered Geoff Collyer at LISA:
    the V9-for-Sun tape done by someone in a neighboring group,
    not 1127.  (The number 1122 and the name Dave Kapilow come
    to mind, but the memories are faint.)  Geoff got a copy of that
    during his later days at U of T; he thinks he knows where there
    is still a copy.  I plan to follow that lead when I'm back in town
    (in a week), both because it seems worth preserving and
    because I am now curious to see just what was on it. I am
    pretty sure it was done just prior to the big device driver reorg
    that inspired me to change the system to print `9Vr2' at boot
    time (partly as a tactic to nudge others into doing an honest
    10/e manual; it worked, though I don't take full credit by any
    means).

    My snapshot was taken somewhat after the manual was issued,
    but the system didn't change much.  I do still have a copy of
    the pristine snapshot (sans all the changes I've made to the
    system since); I don't think it would be too hard to expunge the
    outside bits, though I can now state fairly confidently that parts
    of /usr/src/cmd just won't compile or won't work after they have
    been compiled even after pruning.  But if we want to preserve
    history complete with warts (and I want to do that), there it is.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: Merry Xmas + a request
    Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 22:09:51 -0500
    MIME-Version: 1.0
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    Done.  Just returned from a fine north-of-England Xmas.
    Happy New Year!

    	Dennis

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    Received: from plan9.cs.bell-labs.com ([135.104.9.2]) by plan9; Sun Dec 23 06:46:31 EST 2001
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    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Message-Id: <200112231146.fBNBkIY76653@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Merry Xmas + a request
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 22:46:18 +1100 (EST)
    Reply-To: wkt@tuhs.org
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    Hi Dennis,

    	Hope you & family have a Merry Xmas. I'll get back to Norman
    in the new year w.r.t taking a snapshot of his 8/9/10 Ed stuff.

    On your http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr pages, can you

    	s/minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/minnie.tuhs.org/g

    and
    	s/ADFA/Bond University/g

    Many thanks!
    	Warren
    --upas-oqrtxogyrjejpgasvuohblryvc--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@minnie.tuhs.org
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    Subject; Re: Liberal license for ancient UNIX sources

    [resent: Dion Johnson used "wht@minnie.tuhs.org" for your
    address, and my reply/CC did too.  I trust he has repaired
    his version and you heard from him.   -- D.]

    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    To: dionj@caldera.com
    CC: wht@minnie.tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: Liberal license for ancient UNIX sources
    Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2002 21:19:08 -0500

    Thanks for pushing at this.  I've worked at the same
    sort of thing several times (with SCO,  Novell before
    them, not to mention USL).  It's a hard push, just because
    although no one genuinely thinks that visibility of the
    early code represents a real threat to the product, in the
    sense of competing with current offerings, they also envision indirect
    threats (this was a precursor to some part of our product;
    if this material is freely available, could this somehow affect
    our own licensing situation?)

    In truth, and probably more important, given that the material is
    old, both the lawyers and decision-makers are measuring
    their time in even thinking about the issue ("Why should I spend
    a moment investigating this?")

    A good step.  It will simplify and clarify access to the material
    (especially if Warren can spare some of his own time), and
    also stake out Caldera's claim in it.

    	Regards and thanks,
    	Dennis Ritchie

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: your mail
    Date: Thu, 24 Jan 2002 00:14:48 -0500
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    You will no doubt have noted that the Caldera announcement
    was front-paged on ./ . Trust you're withstanding
    the effects.

    	D.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Message-ID: <5d7bd4f180e573f7216187bda8740845@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: Can I borrow your words?
    Date: Tue, 5 Feb 2002 00:08:36 -0500
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    No problem with including the introduction to the
    compilers.

    I noticed that you took out the part referring to
    successful recompilation under a simulator--OK by
    me, but knowing that this was possible was, I thought,
    interesting.  Your call.

    I seem to have made a tiny tweak or two in the meantime.
    In particular I fixed "own their latest" to "their own latest".

    	Rgds,
    	Dennis

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    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Message-Id: <200202050431.g154Vw790448@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Can I borrow your words?
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Tue, 5 Feb 2002 14:31:58 +1000 (EST)
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    Dennis, can I borrow some of your words on the Early C compilers? With the
    new Caldera license, I can now allow free access to my browsable tree of
    Unix source code at: http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/

    Yesterday I unpacked the Early C compilers and added them to the tree
    at http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/EarlyC. I grabbed your description
    of them, but I want to make sure it's ok before I advertise it.

    Thanks again,
    	Warren
    --upas-zpdvfsrhwmcavyibqysmujnkpk--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2002/09/06
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: [pups] bringing up the fist C compiler
    From: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Fri, 6 Sep 2002 16:05:16 -0400
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    NB is there in the paper.  This was all on the 11.
    The "and later C (via B) on the -11" in the latter should have
    said NB.

    I'm not absolutely positive whether I started
    converting the interpreter to a compiler during
    the NB period or only once C existed.  I believe
    the latter.

    The thing you're thinking about with Ken
    is also in the paper.  (adding ++, +=, etc.)
    I see it also mentions the GE/Honeywell
    compiler.  B itself didn't have a compiler
    to the -7 or -11.

    	Dennis

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    Received: from plan9.cs.bell-labs.com ([135.104.9.2]) by plan9; Fri Sep  6 04:14:51 EDT 2002
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    	(envelope-from wkt)
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Message-Id: <200209060814.g868Ep109493@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: [pups] bringing up the fist C compiler
    In-Reply-To: <dcb7f8efb847f0ed61ba6071070b13f1@plan9.bell-labs.com> from Dennis
     Ritchie at "Sep 6, 2002 01:35:26 am"
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Fri, 6 Sep 2002 18:14:51 +1000 (EST)
    CC: PDP-11 Unix Preservation Society <pups@tuhs.org>
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    In article by Dennis Ritchie:
    > The chist paper on my home page is pretty complete (if telegraphic)
    > about bootstrapping B on the PDP-7 and later C (via B) on the -11.

    The chist paper doesn't mention NB, which was the missing link between
    B and C. I seem to recall a story where there was an NB interpreter
    and also a compiler, and Ken kept adding functionality to one which
    made it slower, and this had a knock-on effect. Sorry, that's all I
    can dredge out of my wetware bit store. Was this in `A Quarter Century
    of UNIX' by Peter Salus? Are there any other paper/web references to NB?

    	Warren
    --upas-jkwixzleelnjqqqalfyepxqwxw--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2003/02/26
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    Message-ID: <b7a34900856c2d25c5b13bb0be6f7351@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Subject: festoon
    From: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Wed, 26 Feb 2003 16:10:05 -0500
    To: wkt@minnie.tuhs.org
    MIME-Version: 1.0
    Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
    	boundary="upas-fxmifxlopjmbqdhuivdgtyidjv"
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    This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
    --upas-fxmifxlopjmbqdhuivdgtyidjv
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    Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

    Attached is a bundle with festoon
    and its man page.  Feel free to stash
    it in the archives if there's a place
    for it.

    	Dennis
    --upas-fxmifxlopjmbqdhuivdgtyidjv
    Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=fest.bun
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
    Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

    # To unbundle, sh this file
    echo festoon.6 1>&2
    sed 's/.//' >festoon.6 <<'//GO.SYSIN DD festoon.6'
    -.TH FESTOON 6
    -.CT 1 games
    -.SH NAME
    -festoon \- memo writer
    -.SH SYNOPSIS
    -.B festoon
    -[-p] [-e] [-t] [-sseed] [-z] [length] [percent]
    -.SH DESCRIPTION
    -.I Festoon
    -prepares a memorandum on any undesired topic, containing
    -.I length
    -sentences (default is 20) and a specified
    -.I percent
    -of manufactured nouns (default is 5), suitable for input to
    -.IR troff (1).
    -Options
    -.B "\-p \-e \-t"
    -(which may be concatenated as
    -.B \-pet )
    -create pointless pictures, nonsensical equations and
    -useless tables, respectively.
    -.P
    -.B \-s
    -can be used to force the random number generator seed,
    -which is printed out as the organization number in the header
    -and which is normally assigned randomly.
    -Re-use of the same seed results in the same memo.
    -.P
    -.B \-z
    -is a debugging aid; it inserts the grammar type of
    -each sentence fragment in the output stream.
    -.P
    -.I Festoon
    -is a useful way to test the commands in the "SEE ALSO" section.
    -A total effect might radically monoarchate this qualitativeness.
    -.SH SEE ALSO
    -.IR troff (1),
    -.IR eqn (1),
    -.IR pic (1),
    -.IR tbl (1).
    //GO.SYSIN DD festoon.6
    echo fest.c 1>&2
    sed 's/.//' >fest.c <<'//GO.SYSIN DD fest.c'
    -/* %W%	 */
    -#include <stdio.h>
    -#define R rand()&32767
    -#define T 0.125
    -#define CHOOSE(x) (x[(R)%(sizeof x / sizeof x[0])])
    -#define EQ(a,b) (strcmp(a,b)==0)
    -#define LAST(x) (x[strlen(x)-1])
    -#define VOWEL(x) (x=='a'||x=='e'||x=='i'||x=='o'||x=='u')
    -#define N 8
    -typedef struct xyz {
    -	char           *type;
    -	union {
    -		struct xyz     *x[N];
    -		char           *s[N];
    -	}               list;
    -}              *X, XX;
    -typedef struct {
    -	char           *number, *ending, *tense, *an, *unspec, *passive;
    -}              *E, EE;
    -
    -X       getxx(), verbal(), comp(), advp(), adjph(), adverb(),
    -	adjective(), prep(), vprep(), equation(), np(), aux(), vp(), art(),
    -	modal(), perf(), prog(), nounal(), sent(), comma(), adjval();
    -
    -char           *tense(), *number(), *prefix(), *root();
    -char            buff[1000];
    -int             io;
    -int             flag;
    -int		eqn=0, tbl=0, pic=0;
    -double          makeup = -1.;
    -
    -X
    -nomq(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-nomq";
    -	if (EQ(env->number, "sing")) {
    -		if (EQ(tense(), "past"))
    -			v->list.s[0] = "there was";
    -		else
    -			v->list.s[0] = "there is";
    -	} else {
    -		if (EQ(tense(), "past"))
    -			v->list.s[0] = "there were";
    -		else
    -			v->list.s[0] = "there are";
    -	}
    -	if (prob(0.2))
    -		v->list.s[1] = " not";
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -rel(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *c[] = {"that", "which"};
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-rel";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(c);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -sent(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               sentv = getxx();
    -	sentv->type = "sent";
    -	if (prob(0.09)) {
    -		env->unspec = "";
    -		sentv->list.x[1] = np(env);
    -		sentv->list.x[3] = aux(env);
    -		sentv->list.x[4] = vp(env);
    -		sentv->list.x[0] = nomq(env);
    -		sentv->list.x[2] = rel(env);
    -		return sentv;
    -	}
    -	sentv->list.x[0] = np(env);
    -	sentv->list.x[1] = aux(env);
    -	sentv->list.x[2] = vp(env);
    -	return sentv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -nomy(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-nomq";
    -	v->list.s[0] = "the fact that";
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -np(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               npv = getxx();
    -	EE              nenv;
    -	static EE       empty;
    -	npv->type = "np";
    -	if (prob(0.025)) {
    -		nenv = empty;
    -		npv->list.x[0] = nomy(&nenv);
    -		npv->list.x[1] = sent(&nenv);
    -		if (env->number == 0)
    -			env->number = "sing";
    -		return npv;
    -	}
    -	npv->list.x[1] = nounal(env);
    -	npv->list.x[0] = art(env);
    -	return npv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -aux(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               auxv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	auxv->type = "aux";
    -	if (env->tense == 0)
    -		env->tense = env->ending = tense();
    -	if (prob(0.25))
    -		auxv->list.x[i++] = modal(env);
    -	if (prob(0.25))
    -		auxv->list.x[i++] = perf(env);
    -	if (prob(0.25))
    -		auxv->list.x[i++] = prog(env);
    -	return auxv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -passive(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-passive";
    -	if (env->tense == 0)
    -		env->tense = env->ending = tense();
    -	if (env->number == 0)
    -		env->number = number();
    -	if (EQ(env->ending, "modal"))
    -		v->list.s[0] = "be";
    -	else if (EQ(env->ending, "-en"))
    -		v->list.s[0] = "been";
    -	else if (EQ(env->ending, "-ing"))
    -		v->list.s[0] = "being";
    -	else {
    -		if (EQ(env->tense, "past"))
    -			v->list.s[0] = EQ(env->number, "sing") ? "was" : "were";
    -		else
    -			v->list.s[0] = EQ(env->number, "sing") ? "is" : "are";
    -	}
    -	env->passive = env->ending = "pass";
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -passprep(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-passprep";
    -	v->list.s[0] = "by";
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -vp(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               vpv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	vpv->type = "vp";
    -	if (prob(0.5))
    -		vpv->list.x[i++] = passive(env);
    -	vpv->list.x[i++] = verbal(env);
    -	vpv->list.x[i++] = comp(env);
    -	if (prob(0.10))
    -		vpv->list.x[i++] = advp(env);
    -	return vpv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -art(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *aspecsg[] = {"the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "this", "this", "that"};
    -	static char    *aspecpl[] = {"the", "the", "the", "the", "the", "these", "those"};
    -	static char    *aunssg[] = {"a", "a", "a", "a", "a", "a", "a", "much", "each", "any"};
    -	static char    *aunspl[] = {"some", "a few", "a couple", "several", "many", "all",
    -		"no",
    -		"an undue number of",
    -	"a number of"};
    -	X               artv = getxx();
    -	artv->type = "-art";
    -	if (env->number == 0)
    -		env->number = number();
    -	if (env->unspec == 0 && prob(0.33)) {
    -		if (EQ(env->number, "sing"))
    -			artv->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(aspecsg);
    -		else
    -			artv->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(aspecpl);
    -	} else if (prob(0.50) || env->an && EQ(env->number, "sing")) {
    -		if (EQ(env->number, "sing"))
    -			artv->list.s[0] = env->an ? "a" : CHOOSE(aunssg);
    -		else
    -			artv->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(aunspl);
    -		if (env->an && EQ(artv->list.s[0], "all"))
    -			artv->list.s[0] = "";
    -	} else
    -		artv->list.s[0] = "";
    -	env->unspec = 0;
    -	if (env->an && EQ(env->an, "an") && EQ(artv->list.s[0], "a"))
    -		artv->list.s[0] = "an";
    -	env->an = 0;
    -	return artv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -modal(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *pres[] = {"can", "may", "must", "shall", "will"};
    -	static char    *past[] = {"could", "might", "should", "would"};
    -	X               modalv = getxx();
    -	modalv->type = "-modal";
    -	if (env->tense == 0)
    -		env->tense = env->ending = tense();
    -	if (EQ(env->ending, "pres"))
    -		modalv->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(pres);
    -	else
    -		modalv->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(past);
    -	env->ending = "modal";
    -	return modalv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -perf(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               perfv = getxx();
    -	perfv->type = "-perf";
    -	if (env->tense == 0)
    -		env->tense = env->ending = tense();
    -	if (env->number == 0)
    -		env->number = number();
    -	if (EQ(env->ending, "past")) {
    -		perfv->list.s[0] = "had";
    -	} else if (EQ(env->ending, "pres")) {
    -		if (EQ(env->number, "sing"))
    -			perfv->list.s[0] = "had";
    -		else
    -			perfv->list.s[0] = "have";
    -	} else
    -		perfv->list.s[0] = "have";
    -	env->ending = "-en";
    -	return perfv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -prog(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               progv = getxx();
    -	progv->type = "-prog";
    -	if (env->tense == 0)
    -		env->tense = env->ending = tense();
    -	if (env->number == 0)
    -		env->number = number();
    -	if (EQ(env->ending, "pres")) {
    -		if (EQ(env->number, "sing"))
    -			progv->list.s[0] = "is";
    -		else
    -			progv->list.s[0] = "are";
    -	} else if (EQ(env->ending, "past")) {
    -		if (EQ(env->number, "sing"))
    -			progv->list.s[0] = "was";
    -		else
    -			progv->list.s[0] = "were";
    -	} else if (EQ(env->ending, "-en")) {
    -		progv->list.s[0] = "been";
    -	} else if (EQ(env->ending, "modal")) {
    -		progv->list.s[0] = "be";
    -	}
    -	env->ending = "-ing";
    -	return progv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -verb(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	/* they pres, he pres, they past, they perf, they prog, they pass */
    -	static char    *ends[][6] = {{"ate", "ates", "ated", "ated", "ating", "ated"},
    -	{"en", "ens", "ened", "ened", "ening", "ened"},
    -	{"esce", "esces", "esced", "esced", "escing", "esced"},
    -	{"fy", "fies", "fied", "fied", "fying", "fied"},
    -	{"ize", "izes", "ized", "ized", "izing", "ized"}};
    -	X               verbv = getxx();
    -	int             i;
    -	verbv->type = "-verb";
    -	if (env->tense == 0)
    -		env->tense = env->ending = tense();
    -	if (env->number == 0)
    -		env->number = number();
    -	if (0 && prob(0.1) && EQ(env->tense, env->ending)) {
    -		if (EQ(env->number, "sing")) {
    -			if (EQ(env->tense, "pres"))
    -				verbv->list.s[0] = "is";
    -			else
    -				verbv->list.s[0] = "was";
    -		} else {
    -			if (EQ(env->tense, "pres"))
    -				verbv->list.s[0] = "are";
    -			else
    -				verbv->list.s[0] = "were";
    -		}
    -	} else {
    -		verbv->list.s[0] = prefix(env);
    -		verbv->list.s[1] = root(env);
    -		if (EQ(env->ending, "pres") && EQ(env->number, "sing"))
    -			i = 1;
    -		else if (EQ(env->ending, "pres") || EQ(env->ending, "modal"))
    -			i = 0;
    -		else if (EQ(env->ending, "past"))
    -			i = 2;
    -		else if (EQ(env->ending, "-en"))
    -			i = 3;
    -		else if (EQ(env->ending, "-ing"))
    -			i = 4;
    -		else if (EQ(env->ending, "pass"))
    -			i = 5;
    -		else
    -			i = 0;
    -		verbv->list.s[2] = ends[R % (sizeof ends / sizeof *ends)][i];
    -	}
    -	env->ending = 0;
    -	return verbv;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *nounlist[] = {"final completion",
    -	"final ending", "final outcome",
    -	"adaptation", "appearance", "argument", "circumstance",
    -	"confession", "confidence", "delimitation", "dilution",
    -	"dissertation", "distribution", "duplication",
    -	"entertainment", "equipment", "evolution",
    -	"existence", "expression", "generation", "impression",
    -	"integration", "interaction", "investment", "judgment",
    -	"population", "provision", "solution", "statement",
    -	"tradition", "transmission",
    -	"final result", "added increment", "assistance",
    -	"beneficial assistance", "mutual cooperation",
    -	"projection", "future projection",
    -	"capability", "conjecture", "consensus of opinion",
    -	"general consensus", "absence", "deficiency",
    -	"inadequacy", "insufficience", "insufficiency",
    -	"growing importance", "renewed emphasis",
    -	"renewed interest", "changing behavior",
    -	"critical thinking", "careful thinking",
    -	"comprehensive survey", "high standard",
    -	"basic foundation", "system testing",
    -	"serious discussion", "serious concern",
    -	"organizational framework", "prototype model",
    -	"uniform nomenclature", "greater cooperation",
    -	"uniform consistency", "early expectation",
    -	"standardization", "great similarity",
    -	"shortage", "presence", "sufficiency",
    -	"consequent result", "construct", "disutility",
    -	"early beginning", "emotional feeling", "endeavor",
    -	"authorization", "order of magnitude", "preference",
    -	"impact", "joint cooperation", "joint partnership",
    -	"main essential", "methodology", "modification",
    -	"necessary requisite", "past history", "situation",
    -	"effectuation", "clarification", "new doubt",
    -	"policy", "encouragement", "preparation",
    -	"criterion", "material", "interest", "acceptance",
    -	"rejection", "publication", "circulation",
    -	"protection", "insurance",
    -	"assignment", "identification",
    -	"submission", "request",
    -	"guidance", "correspondence", "inclusion",
    -	"attachment", "assumption",
    -	"recommendation", "prescription", "approval",
    -	"discretion", "responsibility", "relevance",
    -	"issuance", "termination", "total effect",
    -	"deleterious effect", "consolidation",
    -	"aggregation", "definiteness", "commencement",
    -	"actual experience", "experience",
    -	"combination", "accord", "filing",
    -	"idea", "abstraction", "method", "procedure",
    -	"complaint", "maintenance", "finance", "travel",
    -	"purchase", "repair", "routine",
    -	"development", "cancellation",
    -	"partitioning", "development effort",
    -	"project", "automation", "multilevel architecture",
    -	"multilevel heirarchy", "data stream",
    -	"objective",
    -	"individual assignment", "mode of operation",
    -	"clear community", "attendant interest",
    -	"task division", "well defined interfacing",
    -	"team report", "meeting time", "effective use",
    -	"friction",
    -	"major objective", "ownership",
    -	"overall project time constraint",
    -	"functional division", "requirements analysis",
    -	"code development", "charter",
    -	"requirements definition", "vertical division",
    -	"broad range", "strong feeling",
    -	"considerable latitude", "overall project constraint",
    -	"sufficient resource", "assigned task", "expectation",
    -	"critical aspect", "clear understanding",
    -	"computing load", "clean interfacing", "natural basis",
    -	"team activity", "team responsibility",
    -	"main function", "predominant portion",
    -	"work plan", "major breakpoint", "work module",
    -	"achievable accuracy", "supplementary work",
    -	"field version", "internal establishment",
    -	"internal communication", "development progress",
    -	"internal meeting", "experience level",
    -	"high level autonomy", "adherence",
    -	"feasibility demonstration", "persistent problem",
    -	"internal objective", "idea sharing",
    -	"improved performance", "unfamiliar methodology",
    -	"new methodology", "development experience",
    -	"module specification", "good progress",
    -	"optimal number", "natural division",
    -	"good relationship", "cross attendance",
    -	"attendance", "necessary communication",
    -	"evolving organization", "basic principle",
    -	"complete revision", "general information",
    -	"primary objective", "load-carrying capacity",
    -	"necessary revision", "major change",
    -	"clarified interpretation", "subsequent attempt",
    -	"basic objective", "full utilization",
    -	"practical consideration",
    -	"proportionate quantity", "substantial change",
    -	"database design", "unified framework",
    -	"customer service", "strong interest",
    -	"unified description", "necessary background information",
    -	"provisioning", "physical coverage", "general observation",
    -	"new technology", "validity determination",
    -	"relation", "regulation", "verification",
    -	"impediment", "portal", "practice", "premise",
    -	"basis", "movement", "question",
    -	"issue", "input", "output", "observation",
    -	"input", "output", "input", "output",
    -	"mechanization", "function", "evaluation",
    -	"result", "further consideration", "category",
    -	"performance indicator", "early warning",
    -	"analysis purpose", "measurement", "replacement",
    -	"utilitarian purpose",
    -	"quota", "proposed enhancement", "enhancement",
    -	"interfacing", "team organization", "module",
    -	"guideline", "continuing study",
    -	"required assistance", "major advance",
    -	"proposal", "hierarchy",
    -	"current view", "refinement", "activity",
    -	"external description", "tight schedule pressure",
    -	"internal conflict", "internal issue",
    -	"reasonable compromise", "next phase",
    -	"goal", "time constraint", "constraint",
    -	"outcome", "important outcome",
    -	"considerable experience", "intelligent choice",
    -	"deliverable documentation", "discussion",
    -	"timely delivery", "design issue", "large quantity",
    -	"general environment", "protocol",
    -	"transitioning", "modeling",
    -	"considerable difficulty", "abstract interfacing",
    -	"data structure", "consideration", "difficulty",
    -	"statistical accuracy",
    -	"agenda", "technique", "reordering",
    -	"reauthorization", "current proposal",
    -	"significant change", "criteria", "validation",
    -	"validity",
    -	"terminology", "current understanding",
    -	"incorporation", "staffing impact",
    -	"schedule impact", "cost tradeoff",
    -	"system architecture",
    -	"adequate capacity", "centralization",
    -	"current task", "system deployment",
    -	"attendant uncertainty", "process",
    -	"potential usefulness", "proposed method",
    -	"basic assumption", "anomaly",
    -	"available data", "potential improvement",
    -	"registration", "exemption", "exception",
    -	"follow-up", "service",
    -	"installation", "construction", "necessity",
    -	"occasion", "instrumentation", "disposal",
    -	"attractiveness",
    -	"convenience", "sponsoring",
    -	"signification", "meaningfulness",
    -	"significantness", "individuality",
    -	"specification", "determination", "affirmation",
    -	"recruitment", "supervision", "management",
    -	"oversight", "overview", "environment",
    -	"effectation", "circumvention", "location",
    -	"execution", "effectiveness", "consciousness",
    -	"notation", "confirmation", "restriction",
    -	"organization", "realization", "actification",
    -	"activation", "reification", "beginning", "conclusion",
    -	"ending", "finishing", "teamwork", "motivation",
    -	"attitude", "good attitude",
    -	"progress", "milestone", "deadline", "schedule",
    -	"allocation", "resource", "command", "concern",
    -	"time", "time frame", "reality",
    -	"behaviour", "ability", "advent", "increment",
    -	"opportunity", "accomplishment", "aggregate",
    -	"analysis", "totality", "matter",
    -	"date", "duration", "centrality",
    -	"proximity", "collection", "elimintaion",
    -	"investigation", "opinion", "debate",
    -	"decision", "benefit", "difference", "discontinuity",
    -	"fabrication", "plan", "chart", "forecast",
    -	"simplicity", "simplification", "maximization",
    -	"minimization", "direction",
    -	"agreement",
    -	"amount", "quantity", "quality", "essence",
    -	"description", "violation", "purpose",
    -	"primary purpose", "automatic control", "redefinition",
    -	"uniform emphasis", "study activity", "work activity",
    -	"concept stage", "concept activity",
    -	"possible potential", "summarization", "system function",
    -	"rationale", "significant enhancement", "diverse need",
    -	"diverse organization", "comprehensive plan", "interim",
    -	"functional overview", "system configuration",
    -	"configuration", "failure", "quantitative result",
    -	"major obstacle", "conception",
    -	"effectiveness", "final evaluation",
    -	"interrelationship", "functional requirement",
    -	"system philosophy", "verbal interchange",
    -	"perceived inadequacy", "primary emphasis",
    -	"intermingling", "cooperation", "partnership",
    -	"adjustment", "application", "implementation",
    -	"contact", "mention", "power",
    -	"nature", "invention", "importance",
    -	"ground", "reason", "permission", "size",
    -	"report", "documentation", "priority",
    -	"pursuance", "recurrance", "resumption",
    -	"presupposition", "continuance",
    -	"substantiation", "success", "action", "truth",
    -	"past experience", "greater acceptability",
    -	"organizational structure", "clear distinction",
    -	"clear definition",
    -	"significant use", "unmet need", "centralized organization",
    -	"vague concept", "negative impact", "detrimental effect",
    -	"modularization", "submodularization",
    -	"effect", "consistancy",
    -	"inconsistancy", "completion", "utilization",
    -	"reference", "doubt", "evidence",
    -	"viewpoint",
    -	"actual fact",
    -	"true fact", "underlying purpose", "viable alternative"};
    -
    -static char    *adjlist[] = {"concrete", "abstract", "procedural",
    -	"real", "ideal", "functional", "prototype",
    -	"effective", "capable", "incremental",
    -	"perceived", "associated", "interdepartmental",
    -	"diverse", "characteristic", "worst-case",
    -	"qualitative", "fully automatic", "candidate",
    -	"consensual", "consequential", "conjectural",
    -	"constructive", "initial", "cooperative",
    -	"essential", "methodological", "requisite",
    -	"historical", "situational", "political",
    -	"prepared", "material", "defined", "well defined",
    -	"organizational", "projected", "overall",
    -	"accepted", "rejected", "corresponding",
    -	"committed", "environmental", "typical", "working", "timely",
    -	"growing", "unprecedented", "new", "renewed", "fresh",
    -	"rapid", "changing", "careful", "comprehensive", "broad",
    -	"massive", "huge", "enormous",
    -	"evaluated", "discresionary",
    -	"durable", "beneficial",
    -	"maximal", "tremendous", "minimal",
    -	"on-site", "standardized", "standard",
    -	"powerful", "natural", "necessary",
    -	"reasonable", "successful",
    -	"doubtful", "dubious", "certain",
    -	"unified", "different", "similar", "utilitarian",
    -	"realizable", "organizable", "motivated",
    -	"topical", "valuable", "feasible",
    -	"intelligent", "deliverable", "nontrivial",
    -	"worthwhile", "complicated",
    -	"organized", "organizing", "progressing",
    -	"schedulable", "resourceful", "commanding",
    -	"important", "allocatable", "temporal",
    -	"ponderable", "understandable", "comprehendable",
    -	"past", "present", "future",
    -	"obvious", "considerable", "finished", "completed",
    -	"unique", "abovementioned",
    -	"major", "minor", "tendentious", "activating",
    -	"actual", "added", "adequate", "affordable",
    -	"analyzable", "additional", "intuitive",
    -	"artificial", "good", "better",
    -	"worse", "bad", "basic", "fundamental", "brief",
    -	"general", "very unique", "extreme", "most unique",
    -	"central", "proximate", "approximate", "collected",
    -	"conductable", "comtemplatable",
    -	"continuing", "demonstrable", "desirable",
    -	"correctable", "foreseeable",
    -	"discontinued", "early", "beginning",
    -	"effectuated", "elucidated", "emotional",
    -	"enclosed", "enthused", "entire", "exact",
    -	"experimental", "fearful", "final",
    -	"following", "informative",
    -	"full", "complete", "indicated", "authorized",
    -	"modularized", "submodularized",
    -	"particular", "preferred", "satisfactory",
    -	"measurable", "referenced", "literal",
    -	"modified",
    -	"correct", "prioritized", "prolonged",
    -	"regrettable", "apparent",
    -	"continued", "subsequent", "sufficient",
    -	"suggestive", "true", "ultimate", "separate",
    -	"purposeful", "regarded", "resulting",
    -	"doubtful", "evident", "interesting", "worthy",
    -	"uniform", "vital", "viable",
    -	"worthwhile", "alternative",
    -	"sophisticated", "employed",
    -	"clear", "lucid", "simple", "perspicuous",
    -	"incomplete", "concerned"};
    -
    -X
    -noun(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *suff[] = {"ion", "sion", "tion", "age",
    -		"ness", "ment", "ure",
    -		"ity", "iety", "ty", "ence", "ency", "ance",
    -		"ancy", "tude", "hood", "ture", "ate", "art", "ard",
    -		"ism", "ine", "stress", "trix", "ess",
    -		"dom", "ship", "eer", "ster", "ant", "ent", "ary",
    -		"ery", "ory", "ette", "let", "ling", "ule", "kin",
    -		"ar", "or", "ist", "fulness",
    -		"kin", "cule", "icle", "y", "ability", "iosos"};
    -	X               nounv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	nounv->type = "-noun";
    -	if (env->number == 0)
    -		env->number = number();
    -	if (prob(makeup)) {
    -		if (prob(0.05)) {
    -			nounv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(adjlist);
    -			nounv->list.s[i++] = "ness";
    -		} else
    -			nounv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(nounlist);
    -	} else {
    -		nounv->list.s[i++] = prefix(env);
    -		nounv->list.s[i++] = root(env);
    -		nounv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(suff);
    -	}
    -	if (EQ(env->number, "plural")) {
    -		if (LAST(nounv->list.s[i - 1]) == 's')
    -			nounv->list.s[i] = "es";
    -		else if (LAST(nounv->list.s[i - 1]) == 'y')
    -			nounv->list.s[i] = "ies";
    -		else
    -			nounv->list.s[i] = "s";
    -	}
    -	return nounv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -nounal(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               nounalv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	X               p;
    -	nounalv->type = "nounal";
    -	if (prob(0.15)) {
    -		nounalv->list.x[i++] = adjval(env);
    -	}
    -	nounalv->list.x[i++] = noun(env);
    -	if (prob(0.15)) {
    -		nounalv->list.x[i++] = adjph(env);
    -	}
    -	env->an = "a";
    -	for (p = nounalv; p->type[0] != '-'; p = p->list.x[0]);
    -	for (i = 0; p->list.s[i]; i++) {
    -		if (p->list.s[i][0] == 0)
    -			continue;
    -		if (VOWEL(p->list.s[i][0])) {
    -			env->an = "an";
    -		}
    -		break;
    -	}
    -	return nounalv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -adjval(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               adjvalv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	adjvalv->type = "adjval";
    -	if (prob(0.25)) {
    -		adjvalv->list.x[i++] = adverb(env);
    -	}
    -	do {
    -		adjvalv->list.x[i++] = adjective(env);
    -	} while (i < N - 1 && prob(0.25));
    -	return adjvalv;
    -}
    -
    -char           *
    -prefix(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *pref[] = {
    -		"amb", "ambi", "super", "hyper", "an", "tra", "trans", "post", "palim",
    -		"omni", "pan", "circ", "circum", "peri", "a", "ab", "abs", "de", "apo",
    -		"re", "ana", "mal", "ante", "pre", "fore", "pro", "infra", "para",
    -		"inter", "ultra", "extra", "trans", "cata", "de", "oct", "octa",
    -		"octo", "equi", "pseudo", "prim", "prot", "proto", "pent", "penta",
    -		"quin", "quint", "quinque", "pro", "tetr", "tetra", "quad", "quadr",
    -		"quadri", "quartet", "off", "bene", "hemi", "demi", "semi", "crypto",
    -		"cent", "centi", "hecto", "en", "em", "in", "im", "intro", "be",
    -		"macro", "poly", "mult", "multi", "neo", "nona", "novem", "ennea",
    -		"in", "un", "im", "il", "ir", "non", "a", "nil", "paleo", "mon", "mono",
    -		"uni", "e", "ex", "ec", "ef", "super", "supr", "sur", "hyper", "vic",
    -		"vice", "hept", "hepta", "sept", "septe", "septem", "septi", "hex",
    -		"hexa", "sex", "dis", "deca", "deka", "deci", "kilo", "mill", "milli",
    -		"tri", "per", "dia", "ad", "com", "di", "amphi", "bi", "bin", "bis",
    -	"sub", "hypo", "epi", "eu", "holo"};
    -	if (prob(0.65))
    -		return "";
    -	return CHOOSE(pref);
    -}
    -
    -char           *
    -root(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *root[] = {
    -		"pan", "omni", "arch", "zo", "rog", "rogat", "cred", "flect", "flex",
    -		"test", "hem", "hemato", "nasc", "nat", "bibl", "fer", "voc", "port", "lat",
    -		"fortuna", "ped", "chrom", "vinc", "vict", "crea", "cise", "mort", "mors",
    -		"necr", "claim", "clam", "hetero", "pel", "puls", "vac", "iso", "phobe",
    -		"phobia", "prim", "prime", "flu", "flux", "sequ", "liber", "liver", "theo",
    -		"magna", "medi", "man", "manu", "pen", "pend", "pens", "eu", "capit",
    -		"iatr", "aud", "aus", "cor", "cord", "cour", "grav", "ten", "tain",
    -		"tent", "sacr", "sacer", "heiro", "sanct", "cide", "mega", "ultima",
    -		"ridi", "risi", "leg", "jus", "jur", "nom", "duc", "duct", "duce",
    -		"bio", "viv", "vivi", "vita", "lus", "lum", "luc", "photo",
    -		"min", "philo", "phile", "phila", "amic", "anthrop", "poly", "multi",
    -		"fac", "fact", "fic", "fect", "meter", "psych", "mod", "mot", "mov",
    -		"nov", "neo", "neg", "uni", "alter", "ali", "idio", "pop", "dem",
    -		"demo", "lic", "licit", "poten", "posse", "potes", "mem", "simul",
    -		"arch", "homo", "mar", "mer", "vis", "vid", "scope", "auto", "mitt",
    -		"miss", "ac", "acr", "brev", "clud", "clus", "dorm", "micro", "aster",
    -		"astro", "rect", "recti", "forc", "fort", "path", "cap", "cep", "cept",
    -		"put", "tempo", "tempor", "dent", "dont", "ver", "veri",
    -		"feder", "fide", "feal", "fid", "cosm", "migra", "hydro", "aqu",
    -		"endo", "gyn", "logo", "opus", "oper", "graph", "scrib", "scrip",
    -	"mis", "miso", "anni", "annu", "enni", "ced", "cede", "ceed", "cess"};
    -	return CHOOSE(root);
    -}
    -
    -prob(f)
    -	double          f;
    -{
    -	return (R) < (f * 32767.0);
    -}
    -
    -char           *
    -tense()
    -{
    -	return prob(0.5) ? "pres" : "past";
    -}
    -
    -char           *
    -number()
    -{
    -	return prob(0.25) ? "plural" : "sing";
    -}
    -
    -X
    -getxx()
    -{
    -	X               rv;
    -	static XX       empty;
    -
    -	rv = (X) malloc(sizeof *rv);
    -	if (rv == 0)
    -		fprintf(stderr, "festoon: outa space\n"), exit(1);
    -	*rv = empty;
    -	return rv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -verbal(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               verbalv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	verbalv->type = "verbal";
    -	if (prob(0.25))
    -		verbalv->list.x[i++] = adverb(env);
    -	verbalv->list.x[i++] = verb(env);
    -	return verbalv;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *advlist[] = {"absolutely", "functionally",
    -	"accordingly", "broadly", "actionably", "actually",
    -	"additionally",
    -	"ambiguously", "amply",
    -	"analogously",
    -	"aperiodically",
    -	"apparently", "appreciably",
    -	"appropriately", "approximately",
    -	"arbitrarily",
    -	"associatively",
    -	"automatically",
    -	"awfully",
    -	"axiomatically",
    -	"badly", "barely", "basically",
    -	"beneficially",
    -	"blatantly",
    -	"capably", "carefully", "carelessly",
    -	"casually", "causally", "cautiously",
    -	"centrally", "certainly",
    -	"cheaply", "cleanly",
    -	"closely", "coarsely", "cognizantly",
    -	"coincidentally", "collectively", "collaterally",
    -	"comparably",
    -	"competently", "completely", "comprehensibly",
    -	"concededly", "conceivably",
    -	"concisely", "conclusively", "concretely",
    -	"concurrently", "conjecturally",
    -	"currently",
    -	"conscientously", "consequently", "consequentially",
    -	"consistently", "constantly",
    -	"contemporaneuosly", "constructively",
    -	"continually", "continuously", "contractually",
    -	"contrarily", "contributatively", "conveniently",
    -	"conventionally",
    -	"correctively",
    -	"correctly",
    -	"crudely",
    -	"curiously",
    -	"decidedly",
    -	"deeply",
    -	"deficiently", "demandingly",
    -	"dependably", "desireably",
    -	"determinately", "diagnostically",
    -	"differentially", "differently",
    -	"directly", "discernibly",
    -	"distinctly", "doubtfully", "dramatically",
    -	"dynamically",
    -	"economically",
    -	"effecaciously", "efficiently",
    -	"elegantly",
    -	"emphatically", "encouragingly",
    -	"endlessly", "endurably",
    -	"entirely", "epistomologically",
    -	"functionally", "immediately",
    -	"equably", "equally", "equitably", "erroneously",
    -	"esoterically", "eternally", "evenly", "eventfully",
    -	"eventually", "evidently",
    -	"exceedingly", "exactly", "excellently",
    -	"exceptionally", "excessively", "exclusively",
    -	"experimentally",
    -	"explicitly", "extremely",
    -	"factually", "faithfully",
    -	"faultlessly", "feasibly",
    -	"finitely", "firmly", "forcefully",
    -	"formally", "formerly", "frankly", "freely",
    -	"frugally", "fully", "generally",
    -	"globally", "gradually",
    -	"harmlessly",
    -	"helpfully",
    -	"highly", "homogeneously",
    -	"hopefully",
    -	"ideally", "identically", "ideologically",
    -	"idiomatically", "idiosyncratically", "idly",
    -	"imaginably", "immaterially", "immensely",
    -	"impartially", "imperceptably", "imperfectly", "importantly",
    -	"improperly", "imprudently", "inaccurately", "inappropriately",
    -	"accurately",
    -	"inclusively", "incompletely", "incorrectly",
    -	"increasingly", "independently",
    -	"indirectly", "ineffectively", "ineffectually", "inefficiently",
    -	"infallibly", "instantaneously", "instantly",
    -	"insufficiently", "internally", "likely", "only",
    -	"invaluably", "inversely", "irrelevantly", "irrespectively",
    -	"largely", "lastly", "legitimately", "literally",
    -	"locally", "loosely", "manageably", "markedly",
    -	"memorably", "mildly", "mindfully", "moderately",
    -	"momentarily", "naturally", "needfully", "needlessly",
    -	"nominally", "normally", "objectively", "occasionally",
    -	"temporarily",
    -	"officially", "oppositely", "ordinarily", "ostensibly",
    -	"partially", "permissibly",
    -	"personally", "pertinently",
    -	"physically", "plainly", "plainly",
    -	"pleasingly", "politically",
    -	"potentially", "predictively",
    -	"predominantly", "prematurely", "preparedly", "presently",
    -	"previously", "primarily",
    -	"primely", "principally", "problematically",
    -	"productively", "promptly", "proportionately",
    -	"provably", "purely", "quickly", "radically", "randomly", "recently",
    -	"repeatedly", "secondarily", "separately",
    -	"usually", "specifically",
    -	"redundantly", "regardlessly", "reliably",
    -	"remarkably", "remotely", "respectively",
    -	"probably",
    -	"robustly", "seemingly",
    -	"sensibly", "singularly", "steadily",
    -	"strikingly", "substantially", "successfully",
    -	"supposedly", "systematically", "understandably",
    -	"necessarily", "unfortunately",
    -	"unnecessarily", "unmistakably", "usefully", "weakly"};
    -
    -X
    -adverb(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *wordy[] = {"very ", "extremely ", "generally ",
    -		"reasonably ", "fundamentally ", "essentially ", "particularly ",
    -		"very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"very ", "very ",
    -		"entirely ",
    -		"rather ", "fairly ", "relatively ", "comparatively ",
    -		"moderately ",
    -		"totally ", "very ", "quite "};
    -	static char    *suff[] = {"wardly", "ably", "wisely",
    -		"ably", "ily", "ly", "ly", "ly"};
    -
    -	X               adverbv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -
    -	adverbv->type = "-adverb";
    -	if (prob(0.150)) {
    -		adverbv->list.s[i++] = prob(.5) ? "simply" : "easily";
    -		return adverbv;
    -	}
    -	if (prob(0.4))
    -		adverbv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(wordy);
    -	if (prob(makeup))
    -		adverbv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(advlist);
    -	else {
    -		adverbv->list.s[i++] = prefix(env);
    -		adverbv->list.s[i++] = root(env);
    -		adverbv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(suff);
    -	}
    -	return adverbv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -adjective(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *suff[] = {"ive", "ful", "ous", "some", "oid",
    -	"ine", "esque", "en", "an",
    -	"ile", "able", "ible", "istic", "ic",
    -	"an", "ian", "ish", "ite", "al", "less"};
    -	X               adjv = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -
    -	adjv->type = "-adjective";
    -	if (prob(0.2)) {
    -		adjv->list.s[i++] = "not ";
    -		adjv->list.s[i++] = "un";
    -	}
    -	if (prob(makeup)) {
    -		adjv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(adjlist);
    -		return adjv;
    -	}
    -	adjv->list.s[i++] = prefix(env);
    -	adjv->list.s[i++] = root(env);
    -	adjv->list.s[i++] = CHOOSE(suff);
    -	return adjv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -adjph(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               adjv = getxx();
    -	EE              nenv;
    -	static EE       empty;
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	adjv->type = "adjph";
    -	if (prob(0.25)) {
    -		nenv = *env;
    -		nenv.tense = 0;
    -		adjv->list.x[i++] = rel(&nenv);
    -		adjv->list.x[i++] = aux(&nenv);
    -		adjv->list.x[i++] = vp(&nenv);
    -		return adjv;
    -	}
    -	nenv = empty;
    -	adjv->list.x[i++] = prep(&nenv);
    -	adjv->list.x[i++] = np(&nenv);
    -	return adjv;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *preplist[] = {"across", "by", "in", "of",
    -	"near", "under", "over",
    -	"in back of", "below", "behind", "of", "of", "of", "of",
    -	"centered around", "centered about",
    -	"in close proximity to", "following after",
    -	"in between", "in conflict with", "in conjunction with",
    -	"in the area of", "in the neighborhood of", "in the proximity of",
    -	"in the field of", "for the purpose of",
    -	"giving rise to", "based upon", "being caused by",
    -	"of", "of", "of", "of",
    -	"being effectuated by", "being aggrevated by",
    -	"being used with",
    -	"being collected together with", "being combined together with",
    -	"connected up to", "exhibiting a tendency towards",
    -	"being facilitated by",
    -	"being employed with",
    -	"having a deleterious effect upon", "impacting",
    -	"being joined together with", "being merged together with",
    -	"in the vicinity of"};
    -
    -X
    -prep(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               pv = getxx();
    -	pv->type = "-prep";
    -	pv->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(preplist);
    -	return pv;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -comp(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	EE              nenv;
    -	static EE       empty;
    -	int             i = 0;
    -	nenv = empty;
    -	v->type = "comp";
    -	if (0 && prob(0.001))
    -		v->list.x[i++] = adjective(&nenv);
    -	else if (prob(0.1))
    -		v->list.x[i++] = advp(&nenv);
    -	else {
    -		if (env->passive)
    -			v->list.x[i++] = passprep(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = np(&nenv);
    -		env->passive = 0;
    -	}
    -	if (0 && prob(0.05))
    -		v->list.x[i++] = adverb(&nenv);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -advp(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "advp";
    -	v->list.x[0] = vprep(env);
    -	v->list.x[1] = np(env);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *vpreplist[] = {"to", "at", "by", "from", "with", "for"};
    -
    -X
    -vprep(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-vprep";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(vpreplist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -E
    -getenvq()
    -{
    -	static EE       empty;
    -	E               v;
    -	v = (E) malloc(sizeof *v);
    -	if (v == 0)
    -		printf("outa room\n"), exit(1);
    -	*v = empty;
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -comma(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	static EE       empty;
    -
    -	v->type = "-comma";
    -	v->list.s[0] = ",";
    -	*env = empty;
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *conjadvlist[] = {"we believe", "naturally", "therefore",
    -	"moreover", "obviously"};
    -
    -X
    -conjadv(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -
    -	v->type = "-conjadv";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(conjadvlist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *lconjlist[] = {"therefore", "however", "nevertheless",
    -	"consequently", "also", "in addition", "moreover",
    -	"accordingly", "essentially", "presumably", "actually",
    -	"basically", "importantly", "clearly", "obviously",
    -	"needless to say", "as already stated",
    -	"generally", "approximately", "presently",
    -	"hopefully", "usually", "in the great majority of cases",
    -	"seen in the above light", "most significantly",
    -	"when the need arises",
    -	"in a large number of cases", "after this is accomplished",
    -	"in all cases",
    -	"having been made aware concerning these matters",
    -	"as an example of this", "as a consequence of this",
    -	"as a matter of fact", "as is often the case",
    -	"as of this date", "assuming that this is the case",
    -	"at the present moment in time", "at this time",
    -	"as a consequent result of this", "as a desireable benefit of this",
    -	"if at all possible", "similarly", "in the same connection",
    -	"in large measure", "in many cases", "in rare cases",
    -	"in some cases", "in the interim", "in the last analysis",
    -	"in light of these facts", "in the majority of instances",
    -	"in the not too distant future", "in the same way as described above",
    -	"in this case", "for all intents and purposes",
    -	"to arrive at an approximation", "for this reason",
    -	"for many reasons, then",
    -	"as is often the case", "last but not least",
    -	"later on", "on a few occasions", "on this occasion",
    -	"in summary", "taking this into consideration",
    -	"with this in mind",
    -	"substantially", "ultimately"};
    -
    -X
    -lconjadv(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-lconjadv";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(lconjlist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -conjsub(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	static char    *conjsublist[] = {"although", "even though",
    -		"despite the fact that",
    -		"for the simple reason that",
    -		"because", "due to the fact that", "since",
    -		"whether or not",
    -		"inasmuch as",
    -	"as"};
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-conjsub";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(conjsublist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *lconjsublist[] = {"although", "even though",
    -	"despite the fact that",
    -	"because", "due to the fact that", "since",
    -	"if", "anytime that", "in the case that",
    -	"as a consequence of the fact that",
    -	"as regards the fact that",
    -	"as a desireable benefit of the fact that",
    -	"with reference to the fact that",
    -	"as long as",
    -	"as an important essential of the fact that",
    -	"in conjunction with the fact that",
    -	"in the light of the fact that",
    -	"if", "if", "if", "if",
    -	"leaving out of consideration the fact that",
    -	"just as",
    -	"inasmuch as", "until such time as",
    -	"as soon as", "being as", "in the same way as",
    -	"with the exception of the fact that",
    -	"notwithstanding the fact that",
    -	"on the grounds that",
    -	"on the basis of the fact that",
    -	"persuant to the fact that",
    -	"although it seems apparent that",
    -	"with regard to the fact that",
    -	"as can be seen from the fact that",
    -	"as"};
    -
    -X
    -lconjsub(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-lconjsub";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(lconjsublist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -static char    *conjlist[] = {"and", "but", "yet", "and", "and"};
    -
    -X
    -conj(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-conj";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(conjlist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -static char    *nomzlist[] = {"it is easy to see that",
    -	"it is a basic fact that",
    -	"it is obvious that", "it is not unimportant that",
    -	"it is easy to overlook the fact that",
    -	"it is within the realm of possibility that",
    -	"it is apparent that",
    -	"this is indicitive of the fact that",
    -	"this is in substantial agreement with the fact that",
    -	"this demonstrates the fact that",
    -	"this leaves out of consideration the fact that",
    -	"it is of the utmost importance that",
    -	"the truth is that",
    -	"the fact is that",
    -	"it turns out that", "it will turn out to be true that",
    -	"it should be noted that",
    -	"it stands to reason that",
    -	"it would not be unreasonable to assume that",
    -	"it is interesting to note that",
    -	"this can be proved by:",
    -	"this is a trivial consequence of",
    -	"it is assumed that",
    -	"it remains to be shown that",
    -	"it is left to the reader to prove"
    -};
    -
    -X
    -nomz(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	v->type = "-nomz";
    -	v->list.s[0] = CHOOSE(nomzlist);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -equation(env)
    -	E 		env;
    -{
    -	X		v = getxx();
    -	static char eqnbuff[100], x;
    -	static char *eqnelem[] = {"int", "sum", "prod", "union", "inter"};
    -	static char *eqnfn[] = { "sin", "cos", "tan", "arc", "det",
    -		"log", "exp", "f", "g", "sinh", "O", "J sub 0", "J sub 1",
    -		"P sub i", "gamma", "zeta" };
    -	static char *eqnval[] = { "0", "DELTA", "GAMMA", "LAMBDA",
    -		"OMEGA", "PHI", "PSI", "SIGMA", "THETA", "UPSILON",
    -		"XI", "alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta", "epsilon",
    -		"eta", "kappa","lambda", "mu", "omega", "x", "zeta", "inf"};
    -	static char *eqnrel[] = {"=", "<=", ">=", "==", "!=", "approx"};
    -
    -	x = 'a' + (R)%26;
    -	v->type = "-eqn";
    -	sprintf(eqnbuff,"$%s from %c=%d to %s %s ( %c ) d%c %s %s$",
    -		CHOOSE(eqnelem), x, (R)&077, CHOOSE(eqnval), CHOOSE(eqnfn),
    -		x, x, CHOOSE(eqnrel), CHOOSE(eqnval));
    -	v->list.s[0] = eqnbuff;
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -X
    -turgid(env)
    -	E               env;
    -{
    -	X               v = getxx();
    -	int             i = 0;
    -
    -	v->type = "turgid";
    -	if (prob(T * 1.5)) {
    -		v->list.x[i++] = lconjadv(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = comma(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -	} else if (prob(2 * T)) {
    -		v->list.x[i++] = turgid(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = comma(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = conj(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -	} else if (prob(1.5 * T)) {
    -		v->list.x[i++] = lconjsub(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = comma(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -	} else if (prob(T * .5)) {
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = comma(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = conjadv(env);
    -	} else if (prob(T)) {
    -		v->list.x[i++] = turgid(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = comma(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = conjsub(env);
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -	} else if (prob(.5 * T)) {
    -		v->list.x[i++] = nomz(env);
    -		if (eqn && prob(.5)) {
    -			v->list.x[i++] = equation(env);
    -			v->list.x[i++] = comma(env);
    -			v->list.x[i++] = conj(env);
    -		}
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -	} else
    -		v->list.x[i++] = sent(env);
    -	return v;
    -}
    -
    -/**********************************************************/
    -main(argc, argv)
    -	char           *argv[];
    -{
    -	static char    *furniture[] = {"WASTEBASKET", "ASHTRAY", "TABLE",
    -	"DESK DRAWER", "COAT LOCKER", "BOOKSHELF"};
    -
    -	static char    *ccto[] = {
    -		"J. N. Akkerhuis",
    -		"J. J. Argosy",
    -		"M. D. Banal",
    -		"H. V. Bandersnatch",
    -		"F. W. Blivet",
    -		"Z. Brazen",
    -		"M. Bushido",
    -		"J. D. Carbuncle",
    -		"N. Crab",
    -		"R. H. deTruckle",
    -		"R. L. Drechsler",
    -		"C. B. Dudgeon",
    -		"R. T. Dun",
    -		"W. G. Fallow",
    -		"R. S. Flummox",
    -		"R. N. Fribble",
    -		"C. R. Glitch",
    -		"R. H. Hardin",
    -		"S. A. Hobble",
    -		"B. W. Kernighan",
    -		"D. B. Knudsen",
    -		"C. L'Hommedieu",
    -		"R. S. Limn",
    -		"S. T. Livid",
    -		"Mrs. B. R. Mauve",
    -		"C. Mee",
    -		"N-P. Nelson",
    -		"C. H. Russet",
    -		"M. Shayegan",
    -		"M. H. Simper",
    -		"B. R. Sorrel",
    -		"G. Swale",
    -		"R. R. Swarthy",
    -		"P. Terra-Cotta",
    -	"U. G. Winnow"};
    -
    -	static char	*picelem[] = { "box", "ellipse", "box", "box"};
    -	static char	*piccon[] = { "arrow", "line", "line <-", "line <->",
    -	"spline", "spline <-", "spline <->"};
    -	static char	*picdir[] = { "right", "down right", "down",
    -	"left", "up left", "left", "down", "down right", NULL};
    -	E               env;
    -	X               tree;
    -	int             i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
    -	int             lim = 0;
    -	long            t = 0;
    -	char            c, **str, *splitup();
    -	int		junk, junk2;
    -
    -	for (i = 1, ++argv; i < argc; i++, argv++)
    -		if (*argv[0] == '-')	/* -pet -snnn */
    -			while (c = *++argv[0])
    -				switch (c) {
    -				case 'z':
    -					flag = 1;
    -					continue;
    -				case 'p':
    -					pic = 1;
    -					continue;
    -				case 't':
    -					tbl = 1;
    -					continue;
    -				case 'e':
    -					eqn = 1;
    -					continue;
    -				case 's':
    -				t = atoi(argv[0]+1); argv[0][1] = '\0';
    -					continue;
    -				default:
    -					abo();	/* illegal option */
    -				}
    -		else if (lim == 0)
    -			lim = atoi(argv[0]);
    -		else
    -			makeup = 1.0 - (float) atoi(argv[0]) / 100.0;
    -	if (t == 0)
    -		time(&t);
    -	if (makeup < 0. || makeup > 1.0)
    -		makeup = .95;
    -	if (lim <= 0)
    -		lim = 25;
    -	srand((int) t);
    -
    -	printf(".TL\n");
    -	env = getenvq();
    -	tree = np(env);
    -	io = 0;
    -	pr(tree);
    -	buff[io] = 0;
    -	caps();
    -	printf("%s\n", buff);
    -	printf(".AU \"C. C. Festoon\" CCF Headquarters %d\n", t);
    -	if (eqn)
    -		printf(".EQ\ndelim $$\n.EN\n");
    -	printf(".AS\n");
    -	free(env);
    -	do {
    -		env = getenvq();
    -		tree = turgid(env);
    -		io = 0;
    -		pr(tree);
    -		buff[io] = 0;
    -		printf("%s.\n", buff);
    -		free(env);
    -	} while (prob(0.75));
    -	printf(".AE\n");
    -	printf(".MT \"MEMORANDUM FOR %s\"\n.hy 1\n",
    -	       CHOOSE(furniture));
    -	while (i++ < lim) {
    -		if (i % 23 == 0) {	/* Time for a section header */
    -			env = getenvq();
    -			tree = np(env);
    -			io = 0;
    -			printf(".H 1 \"");
    -			pr(tree);
    -			buff[io] = 0;
    -			caps();
    -			printf("%s\"\n", buff);
    -			free(env);
    -		}
    -		if (i % 27 == 0 && pic) {	/* Time for a picture */
    -			printf(".DS CB\n.ps -2\n.PS\n");
    -			str = &(CHOOSE(picdir));
    -			if (*str == NULL) str = &picdir[0];
    - 			junk2 = (R&07) + 3;
    -			for(junk = 1; junk < junk2; junk++) {
    -				printf("%s; ", *str);
    -				if (str == &picdir[0]) {
    -					pic = 2; printf("A: ");
    -				}
    -				printf("%s %s ht %3.1f wid %3.1f\n",
    -				CHOOSE(picelem), splitup(CHOOSE(nounlist)),
    -				0.4+0.5/junk2, 0.8+0.6/junk2);
    -				printf("%s %s %3.1f ",
    -				CHOOSE(piccon), *str, 0.2+.3/junk2);
    -				if (*++str == NULL) str = &picdir[0];
    -				printf("then %s %3.1f %s\n",
    -				*str, 0.3+.2/junk2,
    -				splitup(CHOOSE(adjlist)));
    -			}
    -			printf("circle rad .3 \"process\" \"completion\"\n");
    -			if (pic == 2) {
    -				pic =1;
    -				printf("line <- dashed up .25 from A.n\n");
    -				printf("circle rad .3 \"process\" \"start\"\n");
    -			}
    -			printf(".PE\n.ps +2\n.DE\n");
    -			printf(".ce\n\\fBFigure %d\\fP\n", i/27);
    -		}
    -		if (i % 41 == 0 && tbl) {	/* Time for a table */
    -			printf(".TS\n");
    -			printf("box, center;\nc\ts\ts\n");
    -			printf("n | l | lw(%3.1fi).\n", 2.0+(41.0+(t&07))/i);
    -			printf("Action Plan %d\n=\n", i);
    -			printf("Item\tWho\tAction\n");
    -			for (junk = 1; junk < (i&17)+4; junk++) {
    -				printf("_\n%d\t", t/i+junk);
    -				printf("%s\tT{\n", CHOOSE(ccto));
    -				free(env);
    -				env = getenvq();
    -				io = 0;
    -				tree = sent(env);
    -				pr(tree);
    -				buff[io] = 0;
    -				printf("%s.\nT}\n", buff);
    -			}
    -			printf(".TE\n");
    -			printf(".ce\n\\fBTable %d\\fP\n", i/41);
    -		}
    -		env = getenvq();
    -		tree = turgid(env);
    -		io = 0;
    -		pr(tree);
    -		buff[io] = 0;
    -		if (++k % 13 == 0 && prob(0.35)) {	/* Bullet list */
    -			printf("%s:\n", buff);
    -			printf(".BL\n");
    -			do {
    -				printf(".LI\n");
    -				free(env);
    -				env = getenvq();
    -				io = 0;
    -				tree = sent(env);
    -				pr(tree);
    -				buff[io] = 0;
    -				printf("%s.\n", buff);
    -			} while (prob(.83));
    -			printf(".LE\n");
    -			printf(".P\n");
    -		} else {
    -			if (k % 11 == 0 && prob(.21)) {	/* do as footnote */
    -				printf("%s\\*F.\n", buff);
    -				free(env);
    -				env = getenvq();
    -				io = 0;
    -				tree = sent(env);
    -				pr(tree);
    -				buff[io] = 0;
    -				printf(".FS\n%s.\n.FE\n", buff);
    -			}
    -			else printf("%s.\n", buff);	/* normal flush */
    -		}
    -		if (++j > 2 && prob(0.4))
    -			printf(".P\n"), j = 0;
    -		free(env);
    -	}
    -	printf(".SG\n");
    -	printf(".NS 0\n");
    -	for (j = 0; j == 0;) {
    -		for (i = 0; i < sizeof ccto / sizeof *ccto; i++) {
    -			if (prob(.10))
    -				j = 1, printf("%s\n", ccto[i]);
    -		}
    -	}
    -	printf(".NE\n");
    -	exit(0);
    -}
    -
    -pr(tree)
    -	X               tree;
    -{
    -	int             i;
    -	if (flag ) {
    -		out("<");
    -		out(tree->type);
    -		out(">");
    -	}
    -	if (tree->type[0] == '-') {
    -		out(" ");
    -		for (i = 0; tree->list.s[i]; i++) {
    -			out(tree->list.s[i]);
    -		}
    -	} else
    -		for (i = 0; tree->list.x[i]; i++) {
    -			pr(tree->list.x[i]);
    -		}
    -	free(tree);
    -	return;
    -}
    -
    -out(s)
    -	char           *s;
    -{
    -	if (io == 0 && *s == ' ')
    -		return;
    -	if (io == 0) {
    -		for (; s[io]; io++)
    -			buff[io] = s[io];
    -		buff[0] += 'A' - 'a';
    -		return;
    -	}
    -	if ((buff[io - 1] == ' ' || buff[io - 1] == '\n' ) && *s == ' ')
    -		return;
    -	if (buff[io - 1] == ' ' && *s == ',') {
    -		buff[io - 1] = ',';
    -		buff[io++] = '\n';
    -		return;
    -	}
    -	if (buff[io - 1] == 'y' && *s == 'i' && s[1] == 'e')
    -		io--;
    -	else if (*s == buff[io - 1] && *s != 's' && *s != 'n')
    -		io--;
    -	else if (*s == 'e' && buff[io - 1] == 'a')
    -		io--;
    -	for (; *s;)
    -		buff[io++] = *s++;
    -	return;
    -}
    -
    -caps()
    -{
    -	int             i;
    -	for (i = 1; i < io; i++)
    -		if (buff[i - 1] == ' ' && buff[i] <= 'z' && buff[i] >= 'a')
    -			buff[i] += 'A' - 'a';
    -}
    -
    -abo() {
    -	fprintf(stderr, "usage: festoon [-pet] [-sSEED] [SENTENCES] [%%-invented-nouns]\n");
    -	exit(1);
    -}
    -
    -char *
    -splitup(strlab) char *strlab;
    -{
    -	static char label[64];
    -	int j, c;
    -
    -	label[0]='"';
    -	for (j=1; j<60 &&
    -		(c = *strlab++) != '\0'; j++)
    -		if (c == ' ') {
    -			label[j++]='"';
    -			label[j++]=' ';
    -			label[j]='"';
    -		}
    -		else
    -			label[j] = c;
    -	label[j++] = '"'; label[j] = '\0';
    -	return(label);
    -}
    //GO.SYSIN DD fest.c
    --upas-fxmifxlopjmbqdhuivdgtyidjv--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2003/07/15
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    Message-ID: <bd0b4a4dbe1311cf2ff9b8b45ee80623@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    To: cbunix23@yahoo.com
    Cc: Warren@plan9.bell-labs.com, Toomey@plan9.bell-labs.com,
    	<wkt@tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: cb/unix tapes
    From: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2003 21:23:37 -0400
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    They've arrived on my doorstep; thanks, Larry.
    9-track drives seem thin on the ground, but we'll
    see.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2003/09/09
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Cc: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: What code USL -> Novell?
    From: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2003 23:42:11 -0400
    In-Reply-To: <20030909235217.GB72324@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    Hi Warren, I trust you haven't been hassled much by
    (current) SCO.  At least the archive seems to
    mentioned  only in passing by other parties
    and not a subject of the suit itself.

    > When Novell bought USL, do you know exactly what source code trees they
    > were given, or which trees USL were in possession of?

    No, I don't know, nor do I know (off the top of the head)
    what was the current version of SV at the time of the
    sale--presumably r4.

     I may have told you this story before, but at the time
    of USL's final spinoff from AT&T, I had the documents
    about what USL got from AT&T Computer Systems.  By way of OS,
    it really talked only about System V.  During the BSDI suit,
    I thought that possibly the whole thing could be short-circuited
    by AT&T releasing 5e through 32V.  The Bell Labs (AT&T) lawyer I talked
    to observed that on the surface only SV was part of of the
    deal, and the argument could well be made, but there was a
    reference in the contract to "development versions" and this could
    be used to argue that everything (from the start) was part of this.
    (There was certainly no language that kept ownership of
    early versions with AT&T).

    I didn't try to push the matter further--
    AT&T itself had  divested USL it it seemed highly unlikely that
    I could get support for interfering in someone else's ongoing
    suit.

     > In a newspaper article I mentioned that I had to ship the Santa Cruz
     > Organization copies of 5e, 6e, 7e, 32V and SysIII because they did not
     > have these old versions.

    As for the Novell-SCO sale, and what SCO got (whether mentioned
    in the contract, or what materials they got), I have no information.
    As you say, SCO during its kindlier phase didn't seem to have
    physical copies of the earlier code, which you and they got from
    people who had tapes or their own archives.

    My take on this is that current SCO is indeed the owner
    of the SV code and its direct predecessors--the predecessors
    because (at the time) no one contested this.  Clearly much
    of this leaked out, though through the 80s and 90s it
    was subject to licenses, as were (I suppose) AUSAM sources, Ultrix,
    the early BSDs.

    In the earlier case the judge didn't seem to be too much impressed
    by USL copyright claims (partly for reasons having to do with
    then-current US law), or the trade secret ones (approximately,
    too many people know the secret).

     > I'd like to try and definitely determine if current SCO have a break
     > in their code genealogy, e.g they are missing SysV or SysVR1 or SysVR2.
     > It would lend weight to the argument that some of the code that they
     > claim leaked into Linux might actually be code that was inherited from
     > (say) AUSAM, Ultrix or the early BSDs.

    A break in chain-of-custody looks more than probable; whether
    this is a useful argument is another question.

    Best wishes with the course.  You might be interested in hearing
    that one of the MIT introductory courses in OSs is trying to
    use Lions as source material (complete with a simulator)--
    but sadly the republished book is out of print.  So they're
    using Xeroxes again!

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: What code USL -> Novell?
    From: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2003 02:27:22 -0400
    In-Reply-To: <20030910040721.GA74013@minnie.tuhs.org>
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     > Are there any publicly available records on the USL divestiture from
     > AT&T, that list what you have described, i.e SysV and development
     > predecessors?

    I can't imagine that the whole agreement would be available
    from public records (except of course that the fact itself
    would be somehow recorded) but not the IP contract.
    Somewhere I think I might still have this, but the only thing
    I was able to dig up was the one page.  The rest
    did cover some non-OS software.   As I recall, C++
    rights (to whatever compiler was extant then) were
    included, but in a later agreement went back to AT&T.
    I'll keep looking.

     > Yes, I don't know if it is useful, but I thought I should at least
     > try to follow it up in case SCO wheels out lots of 4.2BSD code and
     > says "We wrote this".

    In the case of 4.2BSD code, although SCO didn't write it,
    it's likely they could readily that they do seem to have grandfathered
    rights, given that it was covered under UCB's agreement
    with AT&T/WECo.  On the other hand, the rights do seem
    to be diluted considerably given the terms of the the
    licenses granted by the earlier SCO.  I asked whether you (TUHS)
    were being hassled because if the early stuff was really
    important, one would expect that they would take action.

     > Now that's ironic, the many-times photocopied book goes underground again.
     > Yes I had some e-mail from MIT last week with a patch to my PDP-11 Apout
     > simulator: they are using it to quickly compile the 6e kernels.

    Well, not really underground, just the publisher not keeping it
    current.

     > One last thing, I've been asked again what you are doing with the paper-only
     > documents from 2nd Edition and earlier (code snippets etc.) Were they every
     > scanned in, or are they still in paper-only format?

    Still paper-only, I'm afraid, but there's not a lot there.

    	Regards,
    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@minnie.tuhs.org, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: [TUHS] Re:  Anybody with a copy of this paper?
    From: norman@nose.cs.utoronto.ca (Norman Wilson)
    Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2003 10:51:06 -0500
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    For what it's worth, I have the Goble and March paper in hardcopy.
    I cannot conveniently scan, but I will be glad to make photocopies.

    I think the original question was about SMP, though, and the Purdue
    two-headed VAX system wasn't symmetric: all I/O went through one CPU;
    the second CPU ran only in user mode (as did the first when it wasn't
    busy doing something else).

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Cc: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: A Question on Idris
    Date: Tue, 3 Feb 2004 20:29:25 -0500
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    In-Reply-To: <20040204001427.GA83904@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    > 	I'm doing some work for IBM on the you-know-what case, and I have
    > a few questions for you. However, I don't know if you're allowed to give
    > opinions on things, so let me know if I am out of order here.

    I've avoided opinion about things except where I have
    documented facts.  I'm allowed to talk, but I'm cautious
    about  being silly in public.  SCO has broadcast lots of silly things
    but I won't.

    > I recall an e-mail from you where you said that you went to visit
    > Whitesmiths after they released either Idris or their C compiler,
    > to verify that no UNIX code was in the product. However, I can't
    > find the e-mail, and it was a good story too.

    This is a misremberance: the company I  looked at was
    Mark Williams, and their Coherent product.
    I found a version of my account on google groups:

      http://groups.google.com/groups?q=ritchie+coherent+williams&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&safe=off&selm=tgmErpF97.JCC%40netcom.com&rnum=1

    and I found this by looking for "ritchie coherent williams"
    in advanced group search.

    > I know that Whitesmith made their products deliberately incompatible
    > with Unix to begin with: function names, constant values etc. Later,
    > they made things compatible. Did AT&T give their official "blessing"
    > to such compatible products?

    Whitesmith's Idris (main person Bill (P. J.) Plauger) was I think a bit earlier
    than Coherent.  I don't know whether he asked or received official blessing.
    At the time, my reaction was that he was being excessively cautious to make
    many of the changes he did, but no doubt he was also motivated
    by a desire to rethink and redesign some of the primitives and interfaces.

    > I'm assuming that Idris would have released quite a number of header
    > files which were similar to, if not nearly identical to, UNIX header
    > files (errno.h, signal.h, ctype.h in particular). The earliest
    > evidence I have for this dates back to 1978. Did this cause any concern
    > within AT&T? Was there a policy or a consensus within AT&T that other
    > companies could copy the contents of these files?

    All the signs are that the system interfaces (behavior of
    commands, structures involved in system calls) as shown in the manuals
    and in published papers were reasonably public, and AT&T
    didn't chase people because of them. I don't
    recall Whitesmith/Idris being looked at suspiciously,
    but you could ask him whether he was hassled.

    Coherent was looked at but not pursued.  BSDi was a special case;  USL
    convinced themselves that BSDi (and CSRG) could not possibly
    have done what they did without wholesale code importation.
    In some ways I think USL had a moral case in that without
    10 years or so of experience with licensed Unix, UCB couldn't
    really have done what they did, but when it came down to
    the facts about common code, plus published material like
    SVID and Bach's book, plus the details concerning copyright,
    they didn't prevail.

    > Thanks again, hope you & family had a good Xmas & New Years too!

    Had a nice trip to England to visit my sister, with a boxing
    day journey to Scotland.  Best to you as well.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: A Question on Idris
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    Hi Dennis,
    	I'm doing some work for IBM on the you-know-what case, and I have
    a few questions for you. However, I don't know if you're allowed to give
    opinions on things, so let me know if I am out of order here.

    I recall an e-mail from you where you said that you went to visit
    Whitesmiths after they released either Idris or their C compiler,
    to verify that no UNIX code was in the product. However, I can't
    find the e-mail, and it was a good story too.

    I know that Whitesmith made their products deliberately incompatible
    with Unix to begin with: function names, constant values etc. Later,
    they made things compatible. Did AT&T give their official "blessing"
    to such compatible products?

    I'm assuming that Idris would have released quite a number of header
    files which were similar to, if not nearly identical to, UNIX header
    files (errno.h, signal.h, ctype.h in particular). The earliest
    evidence I have for this dates back to 1978. Did this cause any concern
    within AT&T? Was there a policy or a consensus within AT&T that other
    companies could copy the contents of these files?

    Thanks again, hope you & family had a good Xmas & New Years too!

    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Question on the copyright removal event
    Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2004 22:37:23 -0500
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    First, about the reconstructed facts: When I wrote
     > > This  probably happened between the 4th and 5th
     > > edition.  One of the reasons for doing the 5th so
     > > close to the 4th was that the 4th (I think) had the notices;
     > > the 5th was done partly to take them out.  We
     > > wrote to the holders of the 4th and offered a
     > > free upgrade to people who would send back
     > > the older tape.
     > >
     > > [The first draft of this paragraph said "5th and 6th"
     > > editions.  In checking the dates, 4th and 5th is much
     > > more likely to be accurate:  4th was Nov 1973, 5th was
     > > June, 1974.  6th was May, 1975.    We don't have
     > > the sources for the 4th ed, so I can't verify the
     > > existence of included copyright notices in its code.
     > > We do have the 5th and 6th sources, and they definitely
     > > lack them.  This is to some extent a reconstruction,
     > > but there was definitely a flip-flop in advice, as Johnson
     > > remembers.]

    I should have stuck with the first draft.
    I don't know about the 4th edition system or
    even remember whether it was collected or distributed at all,
    but I must have looked in the wrong places in 5th and 6th.
    You are right; 5e has notices almost everywhere, 6e doesn't.
    I must have been fooled somehow by the dates, or perhaps
    (I'm guessing here) there was a tentative 6th that was withdrawn--
    something on the order of "we have an updated version."

    > Looking through the 5e and 6e distributions that you sent me,
    > there are dozens of copyright notices in 5e but none in 6e; it therefore
    > seems that the removal occurred between 5e and 6e, not 4e and 5e.
    >
    > You mentioned that "We wrote to the holders of the 4th and offered
    > a free upgrade to people who would send back the older tape." I don't
    > suppose a copy of the letter would still exist?

    I'm pretty sure the letter doesn't exist; at any rate I don't
    have it.  In dredging up ancient memory, I think only
    a couple of licensees were involved.

    > Is there a way for me to describe the insertion/removal of notices
    > which would be acceptable to you? Possible options are:
    > 	- I name & quote you
    > 	- I refer to a Bell Labs employee and quote you
    > 	- I refer to a Bell Labs employee and paraphrase you
    > 	- I wave my arms around and indicate that I was told this
    > 	  in a private correspondance from a reliable source
    >
    > If you have any ideas or suggestions on how I might proceed, that would
    > be good. Remember that I am being retained by IBM, so I might be asked
    > to name names at some stage.

    Well, you have some ground facts (the 5e and 6e distributions)
    in which notices are there in the earlier and not the later.
    (Nor, of course, in 7e or 32V, as came up in the BSDi case).

    It's certainly true that at some time we were asked to add notices,
    and later to remove them, as Johnson also said.  Right now
    the best evidence is that this occurred between 5e and 6e.
    You can certainly say that I remember our being asked
    to add notices, and later to remove them.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Question on the copyright removal event
    Message-ID: <20040225015151.GA37985@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    Hi Dennis, how's things?
    	Back in 2001 you e-mailed the information below to me. I'm writing
    an article for Groklaw about the history of copyright notices on the
    Unix releases from 3rd Edition onwards. The details about notices
    being inserted and then removed is very relevant, but all I have
    is the private e-mail from you below.

    Is there a way for me to describe the insertion/removal of notices
    which would be acceptable to you? Possible options are:
    	- I name & quote you
    	- I refer to a Bell Labs employee and quote you
    	- I refer to a Bell Labs employee and paraphrase you
    	- I wave my arms around and indicate that I was told this
    	  in a private correspondance from a reliable source

    If you have any ideas or suggestions on how I might proceed, that would
    be good. Remember that I am being retained by IBM, so I might be asked
    to name names at some stage.

    Looking through the 5e and 6e distributions that you sent me,
    there are dozens of copyright notices in 5e but none in 6e; it therefore
    seems that the removal occurred between 5e and 6e, not 4e and 5e.

    You mentioned that "We wrote to the holders of the 4th and offered
    a free upgrade to people who would send back the older tape." I don't
    suppose a copy of the letter would still exist?

    Many thanks again,
    	Warren

    On Wed, Apr 04, 2001 at 11:45:19PM -0400, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > Here's what I last sent to Greg.  The putting-in and and subsequent
    > removal of the copyright notices happened well before 32V,
    > although 32V, as the primary source for BSD was presumably
    > most important in the lawsuit.
    >
    > Saw your note to the usenix group asking to see any early
    > licenses.  As I said, I am quite sure that the licenses themselves
    > are not sensitive in any way, but I can understand that you want
    > to be careful with your materials.
    >
    > 	D.
    >
    >  ----
    > From: dmr
    > Date: Wed Apr  4 22:36:43 EDT 2001
    > To: gmp216@nyu.edu dmr
    > Subject: Re: ancient Unix question
    >
    >
    > The only USL-BSDI lawsuit material I have came from BSDI's site as well.  If you're
    > in contact with Kirk, he's a better source.
    >
    > On the Memo for Record:  1984 was
    > when AT&T was just leaping into the commercialization,
    > and so they were presumably thinking more carefully
    > about the IP issues, and maybe there were changes in law or
    > regs.  The earlier advice about whether to incorporate copyright
    > notices mentioned by Johnson occurred well before this.
    >
    > Incidentally, I spent a lot of time with the USL folks
    > before the suit trying to work out some sort of
    > compromise, though to no avail.  At least I
    > managed to keep the trust of both sides.
    >
    > Steve Johnson's story about the copyright notices is in accordance
    > with my memory, although I don't remember the LOC
    > specifically.  There was a brief period when the lawyers
    > decided that copyright and trade secret were incompatible,
    > and they'd rather go with the latter.  Whether or not
    > this was true or they were mistaken in their belief as of
    > then-current law, I know not.
    >
    > This  probably happened between the 4th and 5th
    > edition.  One of the reasons for doing the 5th so
    > close to the 4th was that the 4th (I think) had the notices;
    > the 5th was done partly to take them out.  We
    > wrote to the holders of the 4th and offered a
    > free upgrade to people who would send back
    > the older tape.
    >
    > [The first draft of this paragraph said "5th and 6th"
    > editions.  In checking the dates, 4th and 5th is much
    > more likely to be accurate:  4th was Nov 1973, 5th was
    > June, 1974.  6th was May, 1975.    We don't have
    > the sources for the 4th ed, so I can't verify the
    > existence of included copyright notices in its code.
    > We do have the 5th and 6th sources, and they definitely
    > lack them.  This is to some extent a reconstruction,
    > but there was definitely a flip-flop in advice, as Johnson
    > remembers.]
    >
    > [Another side note: although I don't have text of the
    > licenses to prove it, there was a definite change between
    > the 6th and 7th licenses about University teaching.
    > John Lions wrote his "Commentary" book about the 6th
    > and this was regarded with mixed reaction from the
    > growing business group.  More about this if you need it.]

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2004 20:59:02 -0500
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    > Thanks Dennis. Sometimes I wonder if you are sick of all things Unix,
    > sort of like the Queen who has to listen to "God Save the Queen" day
    > in and day out.

    Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale
    Her infinite variety; other women cloy
    The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry
    Where most she satisfies; for vilest things
    Become themselves in her, that the holy priests
    Bless her when she is riggish.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: Question on the copyright removal event
    Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2004 22:11:24 -0500
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    > Dennis, I'm not sure this is at all relevant to the current
    > situation. Do you have or know where the USL -> Novell
    > asset purchase agreement can be found? You mentioned that
    > the wording was unclear on what releases of UNIX were
    > passed to Novell, and at the time you tried to have some
    > releases (7th Ed & earlier?) held by AT&T. I'd very much
    > like to see the original purchase agreement.

    I've not seen the USL->Novell agreement and
    don't have it.  About all I do have is the AT&T agreement
    creating USL.  It was really explicit only about SV
    plus some of the ancillary stuff like C++ and DWB.
    In the SV section it mentioned "development versions."

    All of this may well have been modified by
    subsequent letters and agreements between AT&T
    and USL and then between USL and Novell.

    At the time of the USL suit against BSDi, I did
    ask the AT&T lawyers whether AT&T could simply
    release the 32V code, which was what was at issue
    in USL vs BSDi/UCB.  They agreed that an obvious
    reading would say we (as we were then) probably could,
    but under a less obvious reading, perhaps not.

    At that point some of the hesitation about getting involved in the
    suit presumably came from the partial ties to USL  (AT&T still then majority
    owner, I think).  Nowadays, post-trivestiture, both companies'
    main interest seems to be not getting into the fight and also
    not spending money on it.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Tue, 08 Jun 2004 10:47:21 -0500
    From: Harlan Wilkerson <hwilkerson@cox.net>
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    Cc: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>, wkt@tuhs.org,
    	Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
    Subject: Some More Old BSD Licensing Stuff
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    I've finally gotten around to putting up some more of the
    Western Electric and AT&T license or side letter agreement
    materials which permitted Berkeley's distributions to the
    System III and System V licensees.

    I've also included some 1984-86 correspondence that outlines
    an apparent dispute between the parties over eligibility
    requirements. The AT&T licensing department was insisting
    that non-DEC family System V license holders purchase an
    additional DEC family license.

    http://members.cox.net/docs3wilkerson/index.html

    Cheers,
    Harlan

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: peter@netpedant.com, Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Reprinting old Unix papers
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    Dennis, Peter,

    Greetings to you both. I was interviewed this morning about my
    involvement in the Unix Archive, and it got me to thinking, maybe
    its time to get some more history of Unix published. Peter's "Quarter
    Century" was very good, but it came out seven years (?) ago. And
    the SCO vs. IBM mess seems to have tainted AT&T and all things Unix.

    I searched through the IEEE Annals of Computing History for Unix
    papers, and there is not a single one, which astounded me completely.

    At the very least, it would be good to get some of the Unix history
    papers reprinted in Annals, e.g 1974 CACM, The Evolution of the
    UNIX TSS.

    Even better, IMHO, would be a compilation of important Unix papers
    in a monograph, perhaps as a series of "chapters", each with a short
    introduction or overview. I think I have floated this idea before.

    I've got 4 months away from teaching (May to August), so I will
    have a chance to work on this. However, I have no contacts in the
    publishing arena, so I don't know who to approach etc.

    Guys, what are your feelings on this? Peter, would Usenix be
    interested in publishing such a compilation? If not, what is the
    procedure to ask for permission to reprint old Usenix papers?

    Thanks in advance for any comments, suggestions, obstacles etc.

    	Warren Toomey

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Reprinting old Unix papers
    Date: Tue, 8 Mar 2005 21:15:26 -0500
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    I've thought for a while about the possibilities of collecting
    the material, mostly on my home page, into a book.
    (At one point I even promised my boss I would do it).

    What other things do you think should be there?  Mike
    Mahoney, historian at Princeton, has transcripts of some
    old interviews.  Some of Rob Pike's papers?

    I think I mined most of the gold from the BSTJ/BLTJ
    papers (meaning they are already available without
    much effort, i.e. scanned where source was missing).

    As Peter says, I don't think there will be permissions
    problems with any of this.

    I dunno about a publisher.  I could ask our editor at PH (==AW)
    if he (really they--Greg Doench and John Wait) to see if
    they have advice.

    	Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
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    Cc: peter@netpedant.com, Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    On Tue, Mar 08, 2005 at 09:15:26PM -0500, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > What other things do you think should be there?  Mike
    > Mahoney, historian at Princeton, has transcripts of some
    > old interviews.  Some of Rob Pike's papers?

    I'd like to cast the net fairly wide to include technical papers,
    how we got from A to B papers, extracts from Peter's book etc.
    I'd also like to do Unix where Unix >> UNIX, e.g Kirk's paper
    in Voices from the Open Source Revolution on the history of BSD.
    I guess I'm sort of thinking of Peter's QCU, but expanded to have
    contemporary papers/publications. There were also some good
    papers in the 1985 Unix Review, and there is also the dissertation
    by Ronda Hauben.

    In terms of format, have either of you read "The Mind's I" by
    Douglas Hofstadter and Daniel Dennett? The format is sections,
    where each section has an overview/preface, followed either
    by full papers, or extracts from books etc.

    > I dunno about a publisher.  I could ask our editor at PH (==AW)
    > if he (really they--Greg Doench and John Wait) to see if
    > they have advice.

    Yes please. While I love the web, it can be ephemeral. I'd rather
    have a book sitting on my shelf which will still be intact in 10
    years [unless I've loaned it to someone...]

    Thanks for the feedback.
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Tue, 29 Apr 2008 13:11:51 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Trying to restore 1972 UNIX
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    Hi Dennis,
    	There's a move afoot to take the assembly-code version of the UNIX
    kernel, available in PDF at http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/PreliminaryUnixImplementationDocument_Jun72.pdf, convert it into machine-readable form,
    and from there try to assemble the source, build suitable disk and tape
    images, and bring the system back up on a PDP-11 emulator.

    I'm pretty sure that we are going to run into some serious obstacles. Would
    you be interested in assisting now and then with answers to some questions?

    Right now we have these files in machine-readable form:

    382 l-rwr-  1 512   12488 Apr 30 02:18:16 u0.s
    384 l-rwr-  1 512   18316 Apr 30 02:18:16 u2.s
    387 l-rwr-  1 512    9439 Apr 30 02:18:16 u5.s
    395 l-rwr-  1 512    9826 Apr 30 02:18:16 u6.s
    398 l-rwr-  1 512   16292 Apr 30 02:18:16 u7.s
    404 l-rwr-  1 512   10780 Apr 30 02:18:16 u9.s
    420 s-rwr-  1 512    1421 Apr 30 02:54:01 ux.s

    Tim Newsham <newsham@lava.net>, who is leading the effort, is trying to
    assemble the files using the 1972 assembler binary from your s2 tape
    (using my Apout emulator to run it). The problem is that it appears that
    as already has the symbols for `mount' and `open' defined, so we get
    multiply-defined symbol errors. The 2nd Ed manual for as says "Names for
    system calls are predefined".

    While there are details for booting the system in the 2nd Ed manual, there
    are no instructions for rebuilding the kernel. Can you shed some light on
    the process?

    Many thanks in advance for any memories, suggestions etc.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Subject: Re: Trying to restore 1972 UNIX
    Date: Thu, 1 May 2008 00:55:35 -0400
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    > I'm pretty sure that we are going to run into some serious obstacles. Would
    > you be interested in assisting now and then with answers to some questions?

    I can give them a try.

    About the assembler, I am pretty sure that it's substantially
    the same as that on the 5th edition tape, so it's likely
    that a modified version, without the syscall definitions,
    could be produced.

    I have dug up another listing of the PDP-11 assembly languge
    version, which seems to about contemporary with the
    one you have.  The files mostly bear a copyright date
    of 1972, but like other printouts from the time,
    the datestamps only give month and day, not year.
    They are generally from May.  It is post 11/45,
    and has segmentation and floating-point support.

    Incidentally, it doesn't use any of the system call  names
    as such; 'read' is at sysread: and so on.

    About assembling it, I'm pretty sure we just did
    'as u?.s' and the a.out was ready.  This was before
    make, after all.

      Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
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    Subject: Re: Trying to restore 1971 UNIX
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    Dennis, just a quick note that the "assembly UNIX" team have been
    able to cold boot the system to create an RF filesystem, then warm boot
    to a login prompt, then run usermode commands:

    PDP-11 simulator V3.7-3
    Disabling CR
    Disabling XQ
    RF: buffering file in memory
    TC0: 16b format, buffering file in memory
    sim> go

    :login: root
    root
    # ls -l
    total    6
     43 sdrwr-  2 bin     620 Jan  1 00:00:00 bin
     42 sdrwr-  2 sys     250 Jan  1 00:00:00 dev
     44 sdrwr-  2 bin     110 Jan  1 00:00:00 etc
     46 sdrwrw  2 sys      30 Jan  1 00:00:00 tmp
     45 sdrwr-  2 sys      20 Jan  1 00:00:00 usr
    # chdir bin
    # ls -l
    total  215
     48 sxrwr-  1 bin      16 Jan  1 00:00:00 :
     49 sxrwr-  1 bin    2310 Jan  1 00:00:00 ar
     50 lxrwr-  1 bin    7582 Jan  1 00:00:00 as
    	. . .
    104 sxrwr-  1 bin     238 Jan  1 00:00:00 un
    105 sxrwr-  1 bin     644 Jan  1 00:00:00 wc
    106 sxrwr-  1 bin     560 Jan  1 00:00:00 who
    107 sxrwr-  1 bin     524 Jan  1 00:00:00 write
    # who
    root    tty8 Jan  1 00:00:11
    #

    We have also worked out that this a 1st Edition UNIX system, as it
    can only deal with 0405 a.out files and not 0407. So it must come
    from 1971 and 1972.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: 1st Edition UNIX runs again
    Date: Tue, 6 May 2008 22:27:16 -0400
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Excellent--thanks for the good news.

    On my side, I definitely have no scans that aren't already
    available.  Listings, possibly--I'll see what I can dig up.

      Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Wed, 7 May 2008 08:44:42 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: 1st Edition UNIX runs again
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    Dennis, I sent this last week, and am sending again in case you missed it.
    Apologies for the duplicate e-mail.

    Just a quick note that the "assembly UNIX" team have been able to cold boot
    the system to create an RF filesystem, then warm boot to a login prompt,
    then run usermode commands:

    PDP-11 simulator V3.7-3
    Disabling CR
    Disabling XQ
    RF: buffering file in memory
    TC0: 16b format, buffering file in memory
    sim> go

    :login: root
    root
    # ls -l
    total    6
     43 sdrwr-  2 bin     620 Jan  1 00:00:00 bin
     42 sdrwr-  2 sys     250 Jan  1 00:00:00 dev
     44 sdrwr-  2 bin     110 Jan  1 00:00:00 etc
     46 sdrwrw  2 sys      30 Jan  1 00:00:00 tmp
     45 sdrwr-  2 sys      20 Jan  1 00:00:00 usr
    # chdir bin
    # ls -l
    total  215
     48 sxrwr-  1 bin      16 Jan  1 00:00:00 :
     49 sxrwr-  1 bin    2310 Jan  1 00:00:00 ar
     50 lxrwr-  1 bin    7582 Jan  1 00:00:00 as
    	. . .
    104 sxrwr-  1 bin     238 Jan  1 00:00:00 un
    105 sxrwr-  1 bin     644 Jan  1 00:00:00 wc
    106 sxrwr-  1 bin     560 Jan  1 00:00:00 who
    107 sxrwr-  1 bin     524 Jan  1 00:00:00 write
    # who
    root    tty8 Jan  1 00:00:11
    #

    We have also worked out that this a 1st Edition UNIX system, as it
    can only deal with 0405 a.out files and not 0407. So it must come
    from 1971 and not 1972.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
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    Subject: Re: 1st Edition UNIX runs again
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    On Tue, May 06, 2008 at 10:27:16PM -0400, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > Excellent--thanks for the good news.
    > On my side, I definitely have no scans that aren't already
    > available.  Listings, possibly--I'll see what I can dig up.

    Dennis, anything from this era would be of great use to us, even listings
    of userland programs. For example, we are searching for fpsym at present.
    So any paper documents which could be photocopied or scanned in would be
    great!

    Other questions: someone floated the idea of getting you or ken to write
    a short paragraph "preface" which we can add to our top-level Readme.
    Would you be happy to do that?

    Also, usernames and uids: /bin/roff is owned by uid 4, but there is no
    entry for uid 4, just these ones:

    root::0:/:
    eroot::0:/:/bin/ed
    sys::1:/usr/sys:
    bin::3:/bin:
    adm::3:/usr/adm:
    s1::3:/usr/s1:
    s2::3:/usr/s2:
    jack::10:/usr/jack:
    peter::11:/usr/peter:
    jay::12:/usr/jay:
    bob::13:/usr/bob:
    sun::14:/usr/sun:
    lee::15:/usr/lee:

    I'm guessing that jfo was 4, ken had uid 6 and dmr had uid 7. Is that
    reasonable? Are there any others that you can remember which we could add?
    Also, who are jack, peter, jay, bob, sun and lee?

    Thanks again,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Provenance of s1 and s2 tapes
    Message-ID: <20080514002342.GA50749@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    Dennis, sorry to pester you again with questions about early UNIX. If I'm
    being a bother, please let me know [and I mean that, really].

    The team have been doing some archaeological work on the s1- and s2-bits tapes.
    Are you able to shed some light on the provenance of the two tapes? In
    particular:

     - did the 2 tapes come from the same system?
     - which machine(s) did they come from?
     - do you know if the 2 tapes were written at roughly the same time or not?

    Here is what we can see which concerns us:

     - most of the files on s2 date from Jun 1972 or earlier, only these files
       are later:

    	suxrwr-   0   232   31 Mon Nov  6 07:42:18 1972  /bin/mkdir
    	suxrwr-   0  3678   34 Sat Dec 30 14:08:39 1972  /bin/tap
    	s-xrwr-   3   718   46 Wed Nov 22 08:51:32 1972  /bin/chown
    	suxrwr-   0   282   53 Thu Sep 28 07:37:12 1972  /bin/rmdir
    	l-xrwr-   4  7154   61 Thu Jul 20 22:42:42 1972  /bin/roff
    	suxrwr-   1   192   92 Wed Nov 22 05:35:16 1972  /bin/df
    	suxrwr-   1   790  119 Sun Nov 26 00:24:14 1972  /bin/tm
    	suxrwr-   1  1084  122 Wed Nov 22 05:35:16 1972  /bin/check
    	s-xrwr-   3   604  150 Wed Nov 22 08:51:32 1972  /bin/sort
    	s-xrwrw   3   214  175 Fri Jul 14 11:21:57 1972  /bin/sum
    	s-xrwr-   1   424  231 Tue Feb  6 00:50:16 1973  /etc/init
    	s--rwr-   1    70  238 Tue Feb  6 00:38:57 1973  /etc/uids
    	s--rw--   1   221  239 Tue Feb  6 00:35:10 1973  /etc/passwd
    	s-xrwr-  28  3462  491 Sat Jul  1 02:35:35 1972  /usr/fort/fc1
    	s-xrwr-  28  3238  498 Sat Jul  1 02:35:36 1972  /usr/fort/fc2
    	l-xrwr-  28  6840  505 Sat Jul  1 02:35:41 1972  /usr/fort/fc3
    	l-xrwr-  28  4918  519 Sat Jul  1 02:35:43 1972  /usr/fort/fc4

       Most of the binaries on s2 are 1e 0405 a.outs, but the date of the passwd
       file is Feb 1973. It seems strange that the binaries are mostly 0405 when
       the backup was taken well after 2e and 0407 headers were in use. And there
       are a few 0407 a.outs on the tape as well.

     - the /etc/uids and /etc/passwd files do not have ken and dmr, but do contain
       jack, peter, jay, bob, sun, lee. Can you tell us who these people where?

     - the binary files on s2, /usr/sys/core and /usr/sys/a.out, appear on the s1
       tape. That would seem to indicate that the two tapes were written at about
       the same time.

    Here is my hypothesis: both tapes come from the PDP-11/20 system pictured in
    http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/picture.html, from around Feb 1973.
    You would have been working mostly on the 11/45, enhancing UNIX to use the
    memory management and other facilities on the new platform. The 11/20 would
    not have been able to use most of the new code, so the binaries on it were
    left mostly untouched, but a few things on the system were updated like
    /etc/init and the password files.

    An alternative hypothesis: the tapes come from another 11/20, used by
    jack, peter, jay, bob, sun, lee. Again, it contains mostly 1e and 2e files
    because it could not be updated to 3e which had 11/45 support.

    Any help with the history of the s1 and s2 tapes would be much appreciated.
    We are writing a paper for the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, which
    still does not have a single UNIX paper in it.

    Thanks again Dennis,
    	Warren

    P.S The 2e manual does not mention the 0405 a.out header. Can you remember if
    2e supported both 0405 and 0407, but the 0405 support was not documented? It
    would help to explain why the s2 system had both types in /bin.

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: Provenance of s1 and s2 tapes
    Date: Thu, 15 May 2008 01:09:47 -0400
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    Some few notes (not many answers).  As is probably
    somewhere in the notes, the tapes were stored under
    raised floor, and not well marked, finally read years
    later.

    >  - did the 2 tapes come from the same system?

    I don't know.  We had 3 early machines: the original
    PDP-11/20, then an 11/20 with the KS-11 special
    systems memory protection/relocation box for a while
    while waiting for the 11/45.
    >  - which machine(s) did they come from?
    >  - do you know if the 2 tapes were written at roughly the same time or not?

    I guess from the dates, "roughly" the same time.
    > Here is what we can see which concerns us:
    >
    >  - most of the files on s2 date from Jun 1972 or earlier, only these files
    >    are later:
    >
    > 	suxrwr-   0   232   31 Mon Nov  6 07:42:18 1972  /bin/mkdir
    > 	suxrwr-   0  3678   34 Sat Dec 30 14:08:39 1972  /bin/tap
    > 	s-xrwr-   3   718   46 Wed Nov 22 08:51:32 1972  /bin/chown
    > 	suxrwr-   0   282   53 Thu Sep 28 07:37:12 1972  /bin/rmdir
    > 	l-xrwr-   4  7154   61 Thu Jul 20 22:42:42 1972  /bin/roff
    > 	suxrwr-   1   192   92 Wed Nov 22 05:35:16 1972  /bin/df
    > 	suxrwr-   1   790  119 Sun Nov 26 00:24:14 1972  /bin/tm
    > 	suxrwr-   1  1084  122 Wed Nov 22 05:35:16 1972  /bin/check
    > 	s-xrwr-   3   604  150 Wed Nov 22 08:51:32 1972  /bin/sort
    > 	s-xrwrw   3   214  175 Fri Jul 14 11:21:57 1972  /bin/sum
    > 	s-xrwr-   1   424  231 Tue Feb  6 00:50:16 1973  /etc/init
    > 	s--rwr-   1    70  238 Tue Feb  6 00:38:57 1973  /etc/uids
    > 	s--rw--   1   221  239 Tue Feb  6 00:35:10 1973  /etc/passwd
    > 	s-xrwr-  28  3462  491 Sat Jul  1 02:35:35 1972  /usr/fort/fc1
    > 	s-xrwr-  28  3238  498 Sat Jul  1 02:35:36 1972  /usr/fort/fc2
    > 	l-xrwr-  28  6840  505 Sat Jul  1 02:35:41 1972  /usr/fort/fc3
    > 	l-xrwr-  28  4918  519 Sat Jul  1 02:35:43 1972  /usr/fort/fc4
    >
    >    Most of the binaries on s2 are 1e 0405 a.outs, but the date of the passwd
    >    file is Feb 1973. It seems strange that the binaries are mostly 0405 when
    >    the backup was taken well after 2e and 0407 headers were in use. And there
    >    are a few 0407 a.outs on the tape as well.
    >
    >  - the /etc/uids and /etc/passwd files do not have ken and dmr, but do contain
    >    jack, peter, jay, bob, sun, lee. Can you tell us who these people where?
    >

    Those names I don't remember.  Around that time we had
    some Explorer Scouts as guests, and I don't remember
    any of them (except one, Jon Sieber, who was around for
    some time afterward, but doesn't seem to figure in the story.

    >  - the binary files on s2, /usr/sys/core and /usr/sys/a.out, appear on the s1
    >    tape. That would seem to indicate that the two tapes were written at about
    >    the same time.
    >
    > Here is my hypothesis: both tapes come from the PDP-11/20 system pictured in
    > http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/picture.html, from around Feb 1973.
    > You would have been working mostly on the 11/45, enhancing UNIX to use the
    > memory management and other facilities on the new platform. The 11/20 would
    > not have been able to use most of the new code, so the binaries on it were
    > left mostly untouched, but a few things on the system were updated like
    > /etc/init and the password files.
    >
    > An alternative hypothesis: the tapes come from another 11/20, used by
    > jack, peter, jay, bob, sun, lee. Again, it contains mostly 1e and 2e files
    > because it could not be updated to 3e which had 11/45 support.

    The thing that seems somewhat mysterious to me is how incomplete
    they are---not really capable of supporting themselves.
    In other words, not complete dumps of anything.  Of course
    people tended to dump out their own trees (though
    the tape would probably be labeled by the person).
    Of course we might have just grabbed a tape with random
    stuff on it and added whatever source we were interest in,
    leaving the existing detritus.

    The other thing to remember is that the epoch changed
    more than once by then--so dates could be off by a year.
    >
    > Any help with the history of the s1 and s2 tapes would be much appreciated.
    > We are writing a paper for the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, which
    > still does not have a single UNIX paper in it.

    Good luck!

       Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Date: Thu, 15 May 2008 16:04:25 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: Provenance of s1 and s2 tapes
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    Thanks for the reply Dennis. This is just a followup, so no reply needed.

    On Thu, May 15, 2008 at 01:09:47AM -0400, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > The other thing to remember is that the epoch changed
    > more than once by then--so dates could be off by a year.

    I'm fairly certain that s2-bits has 1972 as the epoch. In /bin/form we have
    this snippet of binary (dumped with hexdump):

    00000280  14 8a 77 00 8e 01 1f 00  1d 00 1f 00 1e 00 1f 00  |..w.............|
    00000290  1e 00 1f 00 1f 00 1e 00  1f 00 1e 00 e7 03 b6 42  |...............B|
    000002a0  be 42 c7 42 cd 42 d3 42  d7 42 dc 42 e1 42 e8 42  |.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B|
    000002b0  f2 42 fa 42 03 43 4a 61  6e 75 61 72 79 00 46 65  |.B.B.CJanuary.Fe|
    000002c0  62 72 75 61 72 79 00 4d  61 72 63 68 00 41 70 72  |bruary.March.Apr|
    000002d0  69 6c 00 4d 61 79 00 4a  75 6e 65 00 4a 75 6c 79  |il.May.June.July|
    000002e0  00 41 75 67 75 73 74 00  53 65 70 74 65 6d 62 65  |.August.Septembe|
    000002f0  72 00 4f 63 74 6f 62 65  72 00 4e 6f 76 65 6d 62  |r.October.Novemb|
    00000300  65 72 00 44 65 63 65 6d  62 65 72 00 00 00 00 00  |er.December.....|

    Starting at 0x286 we have: 001f, 001d, 001f, 001e .. which corresponds to
    this assembly code from form1.s:

    daytab: 31.; 29.; 31.; 30.; 31.; 30.; 31.; 31.; 30.; 31.; 30.; 999.

    which indicates that the year is a leap year, effectively ruling out 1971 or
    1973 for the date of the tape.

    Finally, another person (Doug Merritt) has spent some time reassembling the
    fragments of C and assembly source code on the s1-bits tape, and I have been
    doing the same thing. We independently did the work, comparing with similar
    source from 5th Edition, and then we cross-compared our work together. The
    result is a set of source files from the s1-bits tape that cover early UNIX
    commands from `a' to `l'. I am attaching a tarball of the userland source
    we have working so far.

    Thanks again,
    	Warren

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    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    	id 3E7A784; Mon, 26 May 2008 21:45:06 +1000 (EST)
    Date: Mon, 26 May 2008 21:45:06 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>, berktague@mac.com,
    	mcilroy@dartmouth.edu
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Rudd Canaday sends his regards
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    Guys, Rudd Canaday asked me to pass on his regards to you.

    Cheers,
    	Warren Toomey

    ----- Forwarded message from Rudd Canaday <rcanaday@cimasystems.net> -----

     From: Rudd Canaday <rcanaday@cimasystems.net>
     Subject: Re: Information on early UNIX development
     Date: Fri, 23 May 2008 16:54:26 -0700
     To: Warren Toomey <wtoomey@staff.bond.edu.au>

    Neither Jim DeFelice nor Ted Bashkow worked on PWB, so far as I
    remember.

    There really was no "BIS team" that I know of. BISP was a large
    project (a full office building) consisting of many separate efforts.
    So far as I know, my department (PWB) was the only one actively
    working on UNIX in BISP, although there might have been efforts of
    which I was unaware.

    Of course, once people started using PWB in BISP, there were lots of
    UNIX users there.

    Many people in Bell Labs were aware of UNIX, but outside of research
    i don't think many were using it.
    My team did introduce UNIX to BISP. It ended up being widely used
    throughout Bell Labs. Before that most people thought of UNIX as a
    research toy.

    Later I headed a team (not in BISP) which built the first commercial
    product from Bell Labs using UNIX (a white pages directory printing
    system that was abandoned after being finished).

    I have not spoken with Ken, Dennis, Doug (who was my boss when I
    first joined research) or Berk in years. If you talk with them,
    please give them my regards.

    Rudd

    On May 23, 2008, at 3:41 PM, Warren Toomey wrote:

    >Rudd, many thanks for your e-mail reply. I am part of a team which
    >has been
    >able to restore 1st Edition UNIX from a paper listing, to the point
    >where the
    >system boots and runs multiuser. The original scanned documents
    >that we used
    >are available here:
    >
    >http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/
    >PreliminaryUnixImplementationDocument_
    >Jun72.pdf
    >http://bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/
    >Kernel_Subroutine_Descriptions_Mar72.pdf
    >http://bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/Unix_Users_Talk_Notes_Jan73.pdf
    >
    >We are trying to determine the provenance of the above documents,
    >such as:
    > - who did the original handwritten kernel analysis (Jim DeFelice?)
    > - what prompted the analysis in the first place?
    > - were both Jim and Ted Bashkow working in the BIS project at the
    >time?
    > - did you introduce UNIX to the BIS project, or was it something that
    >   people were generally aware of?
    >
    >If you have any recollections that may shed some light on the above
    >documents,
    >or if you have any contacts which might lead to the principals
    >involved,
    >we would very much appreciate your help. We have made contact
    >already with
    >Joe Maranzano, and through him we have an e-mail address for Berk
    >Tague. We
    >are also trying to contact Doug McIlroy, and I have existing
    >contact with
    >Dennis Ritchie.
    >
    >Many thanks for any help that you might be able to provide.
    >
    >	Warren Toomey
    >
    >P.S The 1st Edition UNIX restoration project has this website:
    >http://code.google.com/p/unix-jun72/  Right now, it's mainly our
    >Subversion
    >repository, but the repository contains the tools to build the
    >kernel and
    >filesystem images. Then, with a PDP-11/20 simulator, you can do this:
    >
    >:login: root
    >root
    ># ls -l
    >total    6
    > 43 sdrwr-  2 root    620 Jan  1 00:00:00 bin
    > 42 sdrwr-  2 root    250 Jan  1 00:00:00 dev
    >104 sdrwr-  2 root    110 Jan  1 00:00:00 etc
    >114 sdrwr-  2 root     50 Jan  1 00:00:00 tmp
    > 41 sdrwr-  9 root    100 Jan  1 00:00:00 usr
    ># ls -l /bin
    >total  225
    > 45 sxrwr-  1 bin      16 Jan  1 00:00:00 :
    > 46 sxrwr-  1 bin    2310 Jan  1 00:00:00 ar
    > 47 lxrwr-  1 bin    7582 Jan  1 00:00:00 as
    > 48 lxrwr-  1 bin    5922 Jan  1 00:00:00 bas
    > 49 sxrwr-  1 ken    2860 Jan  1 00:00:00 cal
    > 50 sxrwr-  1 bin     134 Jan  1 00:00:00 cat
    > 51 lxrwr-  1 bin    4672 Jan  1 00:00:00 cc
    > 44 sxrwr-  1 bin      76 Jan  1 00:00:00 chball
    > 52 surwr-  1 sys    1084 Jan  1 00:00:00 check
    > 53 sxrwr-  1 bin      82 Jan  1 00:00:00 chmod
    > 54 sxrwr-  1 bin     718 Jan  1 00:00:00 chown
    > 55 sxrwr-  1 bin     420 Jan  1 00:00:00 cmp
    > 56 sxrwr-  1 bin     160 Jan  1 00:00:00 cp
    > 57 surwr-  1 root    794 Jan  1 00:00:00 date
    > 58 sxrwr-  1 bin    4066 Jan  1 00:00:00 db
    > 59 lxrwr-  1 bin    6846 Jan  1 00:00:00 dc
    > 60 surwr-  1 sys     192 Jan  1 00:00:00 df
    > 61 surwr-  1 sys     872 Jan  1 00:00:00 ds
    > 62 sxrwr-  1 bin     244 Jan  1 00:00:00 dsw
    > 63 sxrwr-  1 bin     464 Jan  1 00:00:00 du
    > 64 sxrwr-  1 bin    1054 Jan  1 00:00:00 echo
    > 65 sxrwr-  1 bin    3998 Jan  1 00:00:00 ed
    > 66 sxrwr-  1 bin     276 Jan  1 00:00:00 exit
    > 67 sxrwr-  1 jack   2730 Jan  1 00:00:00 fc
    > 68 sxrwr-  1 bin     330 Jan  1 00:00:00 find
    > 69 sxrwr-  1 bin    1912 Jan  1 00:00:00 form
    > 70 sxrwr-  1 bin    1154 Jan  1 00:00:00 goto
    > 71 sxrwr-  1 bin    1844 Jan  1 00:00:00 if
    > 72 sxrwr-  1 bin    2942 Jan  1 00:00:00 ld
    > 73 sxrwr-  1 bin     104 Jan  1 00:00:00 ln
    > 74 surwr-  1 root   1290 Jan  1 00:00:00 login
    > 75 sxrwr-  1 bin    2010 Jan  1 00:00:00 ls
    > 76 surwr-  1 root   3940 Jan  1 00:00:00 mail
    > 77 sxrwr-  1 root    698 Jan  1 00:00:00 maki
    > 78 sxrwr-  1 bin     154 Jan  1 00:00:00 mesg
    > 79 surwr-  1 root    232 Jan  1 00:00:00 mkdir
    > 80 surwr-  1 root    784 Jan  1 00:00:00 mv
    > 81 sxrwr-  1 bin     518 Jan  1 00:00:00 nm
    > 82 sxrwr-  1 bin     300 Jan  1 00:00:00 od
    > 83 sxrwr-  1 bin    1166 Jan  1 00:00:00 pr
    > 84 sxrwr-  1 bin      70 Jan  1 00:00:00 rew
    > 85 sxrwr-  1 bin      93 Jan  1 00:00:00 rm
    > 86 surwr-  1 root    282 Jan  1 00:00:00 rmdir
    > 87 lxrwr-  1 jfo    7154 Jan  1 00:00:00 roff
    > 88 lxrwr-  1 sys    5312 Jan  1 00:00:00 sh
    > 89 sxrwr-  1 bin    1446 Jan  1 00:00:00 size
    > 90 sxrwr-  1 bin     750 Jan  1 00:00:00 skip
    > 91 sxrwr-  1 bin     604 Jan  1 00:00:00 sort
    > 92 sxrwr-  1 bin    1026 Jan  1 00:00:00 stat
    > 93 sxrwr-  1 bin     480 Jan  1 00:00:00 strip
    > 94 sxrwr-  1 bin    1048 Jan  1 00:00:00 stty
    > 95 surwr-  1 root    746 Jan  1 00:00:00 su
    > 96 sxrwr-  1 bin     214 Jan  1 00:00:00 sum
    > 97 surwr-  1 root   3678 Jan  1 00:00:00 tap
    > 98 surwr-  1 sys     790 Jan  1 00:00:00 tm
    > 99 sxrwr-  1 bin      80 Jan  1 00:00:00 tty
    >100 sxrwr-  1 bin     238 Jan  1 00:00:00 un
    >101 sxrwr-  1 bin     644 Jan  1 00:00:00 wc
    >102 sxrwr-  1 bin     560 Jan  1 00:00:00 who
    >103 sxrwr-  1 bin     524 Jan  1 00:00:00 write
    ># check
    >RF:
    > 118 files
    >   7 large
    >   7 indirect
    > 277 used
    > 729 free
    >   0 missing
    >
    >RK:
    > 211 files
    >  51 large
    >  51 indirect
    >1403 used
    >3383 free
    >   0 missing
    >

    ----- End forwarded message -----

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Looks pretty good.

    At the (early) time we got Multics, process creation
    was indeed quite expensive (I think several minutes)
    probably because of the dynamic linking--every reference
    to something in another segment took a while.  This
    all continuously improved, and it was much cheaper later.
    Still, the earliest version of the shell, which had
    planned to start a new process for each command,
    was redone to work all within a single process and
    to use a single stack.

    Incidentally, I had no exposure to Genie (Ken did, at
    Berkeley, likewise QED, another import).

    Also incidentally, even PDP-7 Unix, once it got processes at all,
    supported an arbitrary number.  Because there were two
    terminals, two was the number that were created at boot-up.

    Your example of I/O redirection in early  Multics is correct,
    but the real lesson has to do with notation-- > and < would
    have been possible if someone had thought to put it in the
    shell.  Of course the whole thing got easier once the
    process-per-command thing went in, because there was no
    need to unwind the redirection.

      Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: 1st Edition UNIX paper
    Message-ID: <20080826224416.GA2508@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    Hi Dennis. Back when we were doing the 1e restoration, I might have mentioned
    that I planned to write up a paper for the IEEE Annals of Computing History.
    After languishing on the back burner now for 6 weeks, it is mostly done. I
    would very much appreciate it if you could quickly read through the paper and
    spot any glaring errors or omissions, but if you are busy (which I expect is
    the case), that's fine as well.

    There is one small part I still need to fill in. I know that Project Genie
    was also an influence on the early system (apart from Multics). I am sure I
    read some notes which indicated that the cost of spawning a new process on
    Multics was expensive, and so processes under Multics were usually long-lived.
    However, Project Genie demonstrated that the cost of process creation did not
    need to be so expensive, and so you adapted the Project Genie process model
    for the early Unix system. However, I cannot find the reference/citation for
    this information. Does it ring any bells to you? Perhaps it was in one of
    the oral interviews that Mahoney did.

    Apart from Multics and Project Genie, were there any other systems which
    influenced the early design of Unix?

    Although the 1e restoration is now complete, I am still amazed that it was
    even possible to restore the system from a paper listing; the same is true
    for the Nsys kernel and the two early C compilers. They demonstrate that
    restoration of such artifacts is possible, but also highlight the fragility
    of software older than a couple of decades.

    Many thanks again for all the assistance you have given me over the years.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

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    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: A Paper for Usenix '09
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    Hi Dennis, merry Christmas to you and your family! I wanted to let you know
    that my paper on the restoration of 1st Edition UNIX has been accepted by
    the IEEE Annals of Computing History, with some minor changes.

    I have also been busy writing a paper also on UNIX software restoration for
    the main Usenix 2009 conference. The paper is due Jan 9, and as I mention your
    help several times in the paper, I thought I should send you a draft for
    consideration and vetting.

    In particular, I wanted to let the reader know that you passed on several
    DECtape images to me over a period of time, and not in one big hit. Here is
    how I describe it:

       Although Dennis Ritchie was in possession of the recovered DECtape images,
       these were divulged to the TUHS slowly over a period of about two years,
       primarily due to legal issues surrounding the release of the material.

    I'm very happy to change this in any way that you think is suitable, because
    in the text I'm really just guessing :-)

    Anyway, please give the paper a quick read if you get a chance, and let me
    know of any content you feel could be altered or reworded.

    Many thanks for all your help! Cheers,
    	Warren

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    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    I don't think we were really disappointed in process
    create times and definitely didn't regret using the model.
    Obviously speedups were appreciated.

    Congrats on the acceptance of the first.

    About the other stuff--Legal issues weren't really involved,
    I just did it (though I guess I sort of dribbled it out).
    Since it was all done in the research area I felt comfortable
    with this.
    Stuff I do have still that I'm hesitant about are things like
    8th edition and subsequent, which have a lot of
    Sys 5 stuff interlarded--parts were done elsewhere
    at the Labs and might still be sensitive to SCO, though
    their tent seems mostly folded.

      Best to you!
       Dennis

    I haven't gotten to your paper yet

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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Subject: Re: your mail
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    On Tue, Aug 26, 2008 at 09:17:25PM -0400, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > [ notes on process creation ]
    > At the (early) time we got Multics, process creation
    > was indeed quite expensive (I think several minutes)
    > probably because of the dynamic linking--every reference
    > to something in another segment took a while.  This
    > all continuously improved, and it was much cheaper later.

    Hi Dennis, just thought I would wish you and family a very merry and
    safe Christmas.

    The above note reminds me that I saw in a paper by somebody (from the Labs?)
    where they say that you convinced them that process creation was going to
    be cheap, and it wasn't until they measured that it was found not to be as
    cheap as expected. The tone was tongue in cheek; I wish I could remember
    more details. Anyway, fading memory bits as they say.

    Cheers,
    	Warren
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    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: A Paper for Usenix '09
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    On Sat, Dec 13, 2008 at 10:48:26AM +1000, Warren Toomey wrote:
    > Hi Dennis, merry Christmas to you and your family! I wanted to let you know
    > that my paper on the restoration of 1st Edition UNIX has been accepted by
    > the IEEE Annals of Computing History, with some minor changes.

    Dennis, I am still working on the changes (work and other things have
    impeded me so far). I have a question about 1st Edition UNIX, if you have
    the time.

    During the restoration of the assembly kernel, we took out some code which
    converted uppercase letters to lowercase. I assume this was needed to deal
    with the uppercase-only ASR-33s that you had. Question: if all uppercase
    was converted to lowercase, how did the patent typists enter uppercase
    into roff?

    > I have also been busy writing a paper also on UNIX software restoration for
    > the main Usenix 2009 conference. The paper is due Jan 9, and as I mention your
    > help several times in the paper, I thought I should send you a draft for
    > consideration and vetting.

    The paper was accepted as a short paper, so I had to trim things here and
    there. In particular, the para I was concerned about:

    >    Although Dennis Ritchie was in possession of the recovered DECtape images,
    >    these were divulged to the TUHS slowly over a period of about two years,
    >    primarily due to legal issues surrounding the release of the material.

    was removed.

    Will you be coming to the Usenix 2009 conference in June? If so, I look
    forward to finally meeting up with you!

    Thanks again for all your help,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2009/08/14
    Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2009 10:55:39 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: Dennis Ritchie <dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com>
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: PDP-7 UNIX listings
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    Hi Dennis, how's things? I hope you are recovered from your injury, including
    getting back to your normal level of endurance. Usenix winter conference
    went well, there was a sharp drop in numbers, but as it was my first
    Usenix conference I still enjoyed it, and the old Unix restoration paper
    was much appreciated.

    I had the following e-mail from Ian King, who is a PDP-7 afficionado. He
    asked me to forward the request on to you: if possible could he/we get
    copies of the remaining PDP-7 listing fragments?

    I explained that a full PDP-7 UNIX does not exist, but he would still be
    very happy to have the extant listing displayed next to the PDP-7.

    Many thanks in advance for any help!

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    ----- Forwarded message from Ian King <IanK@vulcan.com> -----

    From: Ian King <IanK@vulcan.com>
    To: "'wkt@tuhs.org'" <wkt@tuhs.org>
    Subject: The original UNIX?

    Warren,

    Hello!  I hope this email finds you well.

    One of my colleagues, Rich Alderson, has been attempting to contact Dennis Ritchie about the status of the original assembly language version of UNIX, without success.  As you may know, we are restoring the PDP-7 that used to belong to the University of Oregon's high energy physics lab (serial number 113).  We would love to be able to run that original code.  It's our understanding it is not available electronically, but we would not be daunted by the task of reconstructing it from printed listings.  When Rich told me he has not heard from Dr. Ritchie, your name came to my mind as someone who would be 'in the know'.  :)

    We would be very grateful for whatever help or guidance you can provide.  Thanks - Ian

    UNIX is user friendly.  It's just selective about who its friends are.
    Ian S. King, Sr. Vintage Systems Engineer
    Vulcan, Inc.
    http://www.pdpplanet.com
    ----- End forwarded message -----

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Well, I'm not completely back, but getting around.
    I saw the slides, also the video.  It did indeed seem to go well,
    congratulations.

    I will keep an eye out for PDP-7 stuff.  While I was away
    the house was completely redone, which it needed, but
    it's as if I moved, which I rather was, just in the same rooms.
    But I'm still unpacking!

       Regards,
       Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    Warren,

    My Compliments...

    s

    -------- Original Message --------
    To: sjenkin@canb.auug.org.au
    Subject: Re: In case you hadn't seen this. Warren Toomey @ USENIX 09 on
    reconstructing
    Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2009 23:09:51 -0400
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    In-Reply-To: <4A865831.6060505@canb.auug.org.au>

    I saw the slides and also listened to the video!  Nice job.

      Dennis

    --
    Steve Jenkin, Info Tech, Systems and Design Specialist.
    0412 786 915 (+61 412 786 915)
    PO Box 48, Kippax ACT 2615, AUSTRALIA

    sjenkin@canb.auug.org.au http://members.tip.net.au/~sjenkin

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    To: Ken Thompson <ken@google.com>,
     "Ritchie, Dennis M (Dennis)** CTR **" <dmr@research.bell-labs.com>
    Subject: In case you hadn't seen this. Warren Toomey @ USENIX 09 on reconstructing
     1st Ed Unix (1971)
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    In case either of you hadn't seen this paper by the redoubtable Warren.

    <http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix09/tech/slides/toomey.pdf>

    He and Lynne are lovely people and have a big house with a guest *wing*.
    If you ever need to visit South-East Queensland, I can put you in touch.

    regards
    steve jenkin

    --
    Steve Jenkin, Info Tech, Systems and Design Specialist.
    0412 786 915 (+61 412 786 915)
    PO Box 48, Kippax ACT 2615, AUSTRALIA

    sjenkin@canb.auug.org.au http://members.tip.net.au/~sjenkin

    --------------070403090104060807080800--

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: PDP-7 UNIX listings
    Date: Tue, 20 Oct 2009 21:07:21 -0400
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    I looked at the first AAUG things-- they are interesting.
    I've just had some correspondence with one of the
    lexicographers from OED who was interested particularly
    in when "root" was first used as an actual user name
    as opposed as the name of the root directory.  Turns
    out to be hard to document.  (Best we've been able to
    find is in the v5 password file that I have and is in the
    TUHS archive) but he'd prefer a published reference.
    There is one in paper by Stonebraker from I think 1975.

    In other news, I have found the book that has the listings
    that I knew I had, that of (some) of the user-level commands.
    I wonder what's the best way to get it scanned?

    I sent mail to Lorinda telling her that you're a good guy.
    I'm not sure what she has, but we'll see.

      Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2009/10/20
    Date: Tue, 20 Oct 2009 16:03:19 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: PDP-7 UNIX listings
    Message-ID: <20091020060319.GI13282@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    On Sat, Aug 15, 2009 at 11:13:59PM -0400, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > I will keep an eye out for PDP-7 stuff.  While I was away
    > the house was completely redone, which it needed, but
    > it's as if I moved, which I rather was, just in the same rooms.
    > But I'm still unpacking!

    Hope the unpacking went well. I've been busy scanning in old AUUG newsletters
    at this end, and I hope to get all the issues scanned in by year's end:

    	http://minnie.tuhs.org/AUUGN/

    Feel free to snag a copy, or I can post you a CD if you want.

    P.S At USENIX, Bill Cheswick & Andrew Hume told me that Lorinda Cherry
    had a pile of UNIX memorabilia in her office. I got Lorinda's e-mail from
    Andrew, but after contacting her I haven't received a reply. I'm worried
    that I might have rubbed her the wrong way. Not sure if you can recommend
    me to her, or at least summarise the history work I've done in the past.

    Cheers,
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Re: PDP-7 UNIX listings
    Message-ID: <20091021012137.GA6941@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    On Tue, Oct 20, 2009 at 09:07:21PM -0400, dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com wrote:
    > I looked at the first AAUG things-- they are interesting.
    > I've just had some correspondence with one of the
    > lexicographers from OED who was interested particularly
    > in when "root" was first used as an actual user name
    > as opposed as the name of the root directory.  Turns
    > out to be hard to document.  (Best we've been able to
    > find is in the v5 password file that I have and is in the
    > TUHS archive) but he'd prefer a published reference.
    > There is one in paper by Stonebraker from I think 1975.

    On your s2-bits DECtape, /etc/passwd contains:

    root::0:/:
    eroot::0:/:/bin/ed
    sys::1:/usr/sys:
    bin::3:/bin:
    adm::3:/usr/adm:
    s1::3:/usr/s1:
    s2::3:/usr/s2:
    jack::10:/usr/jack:
    peter::11:/usr/peter:
    jay::12:/usr/jay:
    bob::13:/usr/bob:
    sun::14:/usr/sun:
    lee::15:/usr/lee:

    and the timestamp is

    -rw--  1   221  239 Feb  6 14:35 /etc/passwd            2081934621

    but see
    http://minnie.tuhs.org/Archive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/Readme
    for discussion on the epoch.

    > In other news, I have found the book that has the listings
    > that I knew I had, that of (some) of the user-level commands.
    > I wonder what's the best way to get it scanned?

    If you can photocopy individual pages, I can scan them in and OCR them.

    > I sent mail to Lorinda telling her that you're a good guy.
    > I'm not sure what she has, but we'll see.

    Thanks Dennis!
    	Warren

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
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    To: wkt@tuhs.org
    Subject: Re: Japan prize: congratulations
    Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2011 18:38:25 -0500
    From: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
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    Thanks much,  I'm still coming to terms--
    even though I was told in December,

      Regards,
      Dennis

    From mairix@mairix Mon Jan  1 12:34:56 1970
    X-source-folder: /home/wkt/Mail_archive/2011/01/27
    Date: Thu, 27 Jan 2011 08:49:27 +1000
    From: Warren Toomey <wkt@tuhs.org>
    To: dmr@plan9.bell-labs.com
    Cc: Warren Toomey <wkt@minnie.tuhs.org>
    Subject: Japan prize: congratulations
    Message-ID: <20110126224927.GA26441@minnie.tuhs.org>
    References: <20091020060319.GI13282@minnie.tuhs.org>
     <e5c5b4c242ba68682688a0fad7cbc9cd@plan9.bell-labs.com>
     <20091021012137.GA6941@minnie.tuhs.org>
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    Dennis, just read about your/Ken's Japan prize. Congratulations!
    Hope you & family had a good Xmas, and best wishes for
    health & happiness in 2011.

    Cheers,
    	Warren