    LS(I)                        3/20/74                        LS(I)

    NAME
         ls  -  list contents of directory

    SYNOPSIS
         ls [ -ltasdruifg ] name ...

    DESCRIPTION
         For  each  directory  argument, ls lists the contents of the
         directory; for each file argument, ls repeats its  name  and
         any  other  information requested.  The output is sorted al-
         phabetically by default.  When no  argument  is  given,  the
         current  directory  is  listed.   When several arguments are
         given, the arguments are  first  sorted  appropriately,  but
         file arguments appear before directories and their contents.
         There are several options:

         -l  list in long format, giving mode, number of links,  own-
             er,  size  in  bytes,  and time of last modification for
             each file.  (See below.)  If the file is a special  file
             the  size field will instead contain the major and minor
             device numbers.

         -t  sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name,
             as is normal

         -a  list  all  entries; usually those beginning with `.' are
             suppressed

         -s  give size in blocks for each entry

         -d  if argument is a directory, list only its name, not  its
             contents  (mostly used with -l to get status on directo-
             ry)

         -r  reverse the order of sort to get reverse  alphabetic  or
             oldest first as appropriate

         -u  use time of last access instead of last modification for
             sorting (-t) or printing (-l)

         -i  print i-number in first column of the  report  for  each
             file listed

         -f  force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and
             list the name found in each slot.  This option turns off
             -l, -t, -s,  and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the
             order in which entries appear in the directory.

         -g  Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing.

         The mode printed under the -l option contains 11  characters
         which are interpreted as follows: the first character is

         d  if the entry is a directory;
         b  if the entry is a block-type special file;

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    LS(I)                        3/20/74                        LS(I)

         c  if the entry is a character-type special file;
         -  if the entry is a plain file.

         The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three
         bits each.  The first set refers to owner  permissions;  the
         next  to  permissions  to others in the same user-group; and
         the last to all others.  Within each set the  three  charac-
         ters  indicate permission respectively to read, to write, or
         to execute the file as a program.  For  a  directory,  `exe-
         cute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search
         the directory for a specified file.  The permissions are in-
         dicated as follows:

         r  if the file is readable
         w  if the file is writable
         x  if the file is executable
         -  if the indicated permission is not granted

         The  group-execute permission character is given as s if the
         file has set-group-ID mode; likewise the  user-execute  per-
         mission  character is given as s if the file has set-user-ID
         mode.

         The last character of the mode  is  normally  blank  but  is
         printed  as  ``t''  if  the 1000 bit of the mode is on.  See
         chmod(I) for the current meaning of this mode.

    FILES
         /etc/passwd to get user ID's for ls -l.

    BUGS

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