UniPressSoftware

to Leading Source lor UNIX"S oltvwe.

INSTALLATION INSTR U CTIONS

AND

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COMMANDS AND KEYS

THE UNIX V OPERATING SYSTEM ON THE APPLE MAC XL

FOR SOFTWARE SHIPPED ON MICRODISKETTES

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

2025 Lincoln Hwy.. Edison, NJ 08817 • Telephone: 201-985-8000 • Telex: 709418

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 1

Thank you for purchasing the UniPress UniPlus+ UNIX V operating system
for the Apple Lisa/MAC XL. We hope you find it useful and enjoyable.

You have received manuals and a set of Unix 3 1/2-inch diskettes.
Power up the Lisa and your hard disk. Always wait for all the
equipment to be ready before proceeding with booting!

Here is some general information about our implementation;

When the Lisa is powered-up, or restarted by hit t ing t he round
reset button on the back, the computer goes through a self-test
procedure. If there is a built-in hard disk or a ProFile in the
Parallel Device outlet, the Lisa will automatically attempt to
boot from there.

On any Unix system it is a VERY good idea to perform periodic
"fsck"s. fsck determines if the filesystem is in good order, and
will fix many problems.

When powering-down we suggest that y ou issue the "sync" command
twice, and hit the lit power button on the front right of the
panel. (Hitting this button automatically performs the "sync"
commands, but we advise you to do them manually anyway.) The
computer will power-off.

If you want to re-boot without powering-down, issue the "reboot"
command. The Lisa will automatically begin its startup procedure
and self-test.

The Unix is "Bell Labs System V Unix." However, since the machine
is a small workstation with limited disk space, we have omitted
some of the programs intended for much larger machines.

The "apple" key with the picture of the Apple is the Unix Control
Key, the CLEAR key on the keypad is the Unix DEL (delete) key,
and the OPTION key is the UNIX ESC (escape) key.

If you are a Unix devotee, you might like to put paste-labels on
the keys to indicate the ESC, etc. keys.

By the way, the Lisa terminal is mostly like a VTlOO. A "vtl"
(for VTLisa) entry has been placed into the termcap.

Throughout this document there are references to "Hit return" and
<CR>. This means the Return key should be pressed.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 2

The included devices in this Unix are:

/dev/s0a 800 block full Sony 3-1/2" diskette
/dev/s0b 599 block Sony diskette starting
at block 201

NOTE: To format diskettes enter:

diskformat /dev/rs0a

To m ake a filesystem on a diskette:

mkfslb /dev/s0a 800

/dev/p0a Full 10-meg disk

(less some swap area.)
/dev/p0b Swap area on ProFile or

internal 10-meg.
/dev/p-c 5-meg ProFile (less swap)

NOTE: The second digit indicates where the
device is located. "0" (as in p0c)
indicates the built-in port -- either the'
in-board Widget drive, or a disk plugged
into the "Parallel" slot on the lower back
of some Lisas.

Ports 1 and 2 are the bottom and top of the
left (as seen from the back) parallel card;
ports 4 and 5 are the middle card; ports 7
and 8 are the slots for a righthand card.

IF YOU EVER NEED TO RESTORE FILES FROM THE MASTER FLOPP Y
DISKETTES, it is easy to do. The "B" diskette contains a few
programs. These are all in 'filesystem' format, which means
that you must mount them, and then use the cp program to get
your file. Example:

mount /dev/s0a /t

ls -1 /t/bin

cp /t/bin/eject /tmp

umount /dev/s0a

All other diskettes are in tar format.
tar xvf /dev/rs0a /bin/eject

This document is organized into sections. They are:

Section | Heading
Serialize your computer | Y ou must do this as the first step when you receive your software.
INSTALLING INTERNAL DISK OR PROFILE S Y STEMS | For users who have either the internal 10-meg or ProFile hard disks.
WHAT TO DO AFTER INSTALLING | Explains how to use the system on an ongoing basis.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL

Serialize your Lisa
Prior to use of the Unix software, you must "serialize" the system.

A. Position the boot/serialization ("A") diskette so that the
write-protect hole is on the left side near you, and the notched
corner of the diskette is on the far righthand side. Push the
floppy into the slot GENTL Y.

B. Press the reset button on the back of the computer. This is the
black round button on the bottom near the card cage. The machine
will begin its self-test when you hit the reset button.

C. Indicate that you want to boot from the floppy.

D. You will be asked whether you want to Serialize. Indicate that you
want to serialize by typing "y", and then hitting the Return key.
Y ou will see several "Serialization Numbers". Call UniPress
Software at 201-985-8000. Read the numbers to UniPress. We will
give you a "Authorization Number", which is a 7 or 8-character
sequence. (NOTE: any letters in the sequence must be keyed as
lower case!) Save the Authorization Number, since you may need it
later in the installation process, or possibly in the future. We
suggest you write it here:

Authorization Number: ____________________

Input the Authorization number and hit Return. The serialization
diskette will be transformed into a boot diskette, which only
functions on this specific Lisa. For the balance of this
document, we refer to this floppy as the boot diskette. For
safety's sake, you may want to slide the write-protect plastic
piece now to make the diskette safe.

You will see "Thank you" and a minute or so later the machine will
go through its self-test. Ultimately you will see "standalone boot :"

Go on to the "INSTALLING" sections.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HO W TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 4

INSTALLING INTERNAL DISK OR PROFILE SYSTEMS

A. Cable the ProFile into the "Parallel Device" slot on the lower
rear of the chassis. (This slot is horizontal.) Power up the
ProFile and wait for it to be ready (solid red li g ht) before
using it

B. Boot the Lisa from floppy. (The "A" diskette.)

C. The machine will go into its Unix initialization process and will
put a new display on the screen, which says, "Standalone boot".
A colon (:) will appear on the next line.

Enter "copy" after the prompt and hit Return. This copies the
boot program from the diskette onto your hard disk.

The Lisa will prompt "Enter device to copy from", and you should
hit return.

The diskette will be ejected soon, and you will .be prompted:

"Enter device to copy to:"

Respond: "w(0,0)" Then hit Return.

Y ou will see activity on the hard disk (lights blinking) and then
the machine will then reply: "Enter file to boot from"

D. Re-insert the boot ("A") diskette and enter "sunix". After a
while the diskette will be ejected and you will be asked to
insert the "root filesystem", which is the "B" diskette. Do so,
and then hit return.

You will be asked for the location of the "swap" area. Indica t e
"p" and hit Return. Then respond with "0" and hit Return when
asked for the number.

Unix will now start operation! You will see the "#" Unix prompt.
However, it is a very limited system at this point.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 5

E. Type "./install", hit Return and answer the questions. (You
probably have a 10-meg disk.) This will take approximately 7
minutes. Do not be alarmed if you see an error message about
"mknod File exists".

When the process has ended enter "eject" to eject the diskette. Re-boot as requested, by issuing "sync" twice and hitting the
round reset button on the back of the machine.

F. Enter "eject" at "Standalone boot :" and then insert floppy "A". Enter "unix" when you see the colon (":") prompt.

G. Once again, when you get the "#" Unix prompt, enter "./install".

The diskette will be automatically ejected.

There is one last step to perform, which is the loading of the
Unix files from diskette. Please issue the "./install_it"
command to load in the rest of the Unix System.

H. Proceed directly to WHAT TO DO AFTER INSTALLATION.

Copyright 1985 Unipress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 6

WHAT TO DO AFTER INSTALLATION
A. To reboot in the future:

Simply use the mouse to indicate your hard disk, and Unix will
boot. No diskette is needed. Enter "w(0,2501)unix" when you get
the ":" prompt. (Alternately, you may insert the "A" floppy and
indicate "sn(0,201)unix".) :.

B. Unix is single user at this point. To come up multi-user, type
the command "init 2" and hit return. You will get a confirming
message from Unix that you have changed run state.

C. Login as root, or rootcsh if you want the "C shell" ("csh") as
your command prompter.

D. The port labelled "Serial B" on the back is /dev/tty1, and if you
plug a terminal there with a reverser (null modem) cable, you can
use Unix multi-user at 9600 baud. U s e stty command to change
speed, after you are logged in on that port.

E. To change the speed of a port other than the one you are using,
edit the/etc/inittab file. To handle 300/1200 baud
communicatation, as when dialing in, change the "co_9600" at the
end of the line to "co_1200" or "co_300" as required".

See the inittab pages in Sections 4 and
5 of the full Unix manual for further
information.

To make the change effective, either reboot or do the following:

Enter "kill -1 1", and enter "init 2"
when you get a prompt.

F. The port labelled "Serial A" on the back is /dev/tty0, and is
typically used to communicate with other computers via the cu or
uucp commands.

As shipped, this port is not enabled for login (since we have it
set up for cu). To enable it for login, edit the file
/etc/inittab, and duplicate the ttyl entry for ttyO to enable
login. Y ou must then either reboot, or issue "kill -1 1" and
"init 2" as indicated above in "E". The port will come up at
9600 baud. Use the stty command to change the baud rate.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 7

G. If you have additional ProFile disks you can connect them to the
Lisa for more storage. (Of course, if you use them for Unix you
will lose any other data you have already put there.) To add more
disks to the Lisa Unix:

Hook up the additional disk to the Lisa by
plugging it into a parallel card.

The outlets on vertical parallel cards are:

lower left /dev/p1a
upper left /dev/p2a
lower middle /dev/p4a
upper middle /dev/p5a
lower right /dev/p7a
upper right /dev/p8a

(NOTE: Left and right are as seen from
the BACK of the Lisa.)

c You can access these devices by:

mount /dev/p7a /t
cd /t

Next, you must do a few steps. First you make a node, and
supply the "major" and "minor" nodes. The "major" node is
always "0", and the minor number is 16 times the device number.
Thus, for /dev/p 7a, the minor node nu m ber is 112.

mknod /dev/p1a b 0 16 ("1" is used here as an example.)
mkfslb /dev/p1a 9600 9600 is the number of blocks on
a 5-meg ProFile. Use 19200 for a
10-meg ProFile.

mkdir /y
mount /dev/pla /y

NOTE: There is an important point you MUST UNDERSTAND! Many of
the Unix system programs MUST be on the main disk. You may
certainly place user data and your own programs onto extra
disks, but we do not advise placing any of the Unix programs
there. If you really must put Unix programs onto an extra disk,
first put them onto the ma i n disk, and then copy them
one-by-one onto the extra disk and try them on the extra disk.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 HOW TO INSTALL UNIX ON THE APPLE MAC XL Page 8

H. REMEMBER, PLEASE RUN THE FSCK COMMAND OFTEN TO HELP KEEP
YOUR FILESYSTEM IN GOOD ORDER.

I. To backup an entire 10-meg ProFile hard disk onto another,
use the dd command. For example:

dd if=/dev/p0a of=/dev/p4a (where you have another 10-meg

ProFile in the 4-slot with a
Parallel card.)

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UNIX V COMMANDS AND KEYS Page 9

This is a brief summary o f some things you should understand in order
to use the Unix UniPlus+ operating system on the Apple MAC XL. This
list is not complete or comprehensive; these commands are described in
more detail in the full Unix manuals.

Things to know f irst:

A number of Unix commands use the CONTROL and DEL keys. On the Lisa
keyboard the CONTROL key is the one with the picture of an apple, and
the DEL key is labelled CLEAR. Throughout the Unix documentation you
will see references to these keys. The Control key must be pressed
simultaneously with the other key involved. Thus for Control-D, press
Control and "d" together.

The 'DEL' key will stop a command which is in progress.

The Control-D combination acts as end-of-file when you are redirecting
the "standard input" from the keyboard. (Control-D is also used to log
you out if you are using the regular "Bourne" shell, so be careful).

The Control-S combination will stop the output to the screen, and
Control-Q combination will re-start that output.

A Few Commands

cat - is used to type a file or files to the screen. This is
equivalent to the 'type' command found in most systems.

cc - is used to run the c compiler; e.g. "cc file.c" will produce an
executable program called 'a.out'. Just type "a.out" and the program
will execute.

cd - is used to change your current working directory. Try the
'cd /bin' command to 'go to' the directory where most of these
commands live. Then do an 'Is' command to see what is listed there.

c ro p - is used to compare two files, bit for bit.

cp - is used to copy one file to another. Y ou can also copy a group
of files to another directory, since this command, and most of the
others, accept "wild cards." For example, "ab*" means all files
staring with "ab", and "a?c" means all files staring with "a", ending
with "c", and having any second character, such as "abc", "aac", etc.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UNIX V COMMANDS AND KEYS Page 10

cu - is used to call up another Unix system and (possibly) transfer
files between the m. This is VERY useful for the Lisa, and very easy
to do. To sign on to another Unix through Serial B of the Lisa (which
has the Unix address /dev/tty1), type:

% cu -s 1200 -l /dev/tty1 dir

then login to the other machine. To disconnect type: ~. To transfer
files, use the ~%take and ~%put options described in the cu manual
page. If you are using an autodialer, after you see the "Connected"
message, enter the dialing command. (On the Hayes m ode m at this point
you enter A T DT9761212, for example.)

There is a peculiarity in cu: Even though you specify the baud rate
you want (with the -s XXXX flag), you must also change the terminal
entry in /usr/lib/uucp/L-devices. (The change to make .is
self-explanatory).

NOTE: cu only functions on a port which has no login
running. To see if you have a login running, do a
ps -ale command and look under the "tty" column for an
entry under the port number involved. (This will be 0
or 1.) i f there is an entry there with a "getty" in the
right column, login is enabled. If you have previously
enabled login on the port you now intend for cu, you
must disable login by modifying the /etc/inittab file.
Read the relevant section in the Unix manual and/or look
at /etc/inittab. You then must either shutdown and
re-boot, or follow the steps indicated earler in the
WHAT TO DO AFTER INSTALLATION section of this guide.

date - is used to print or set the date. The for m at is MMDDHHMMYY, as
in 0204144586, for February 4, 1986; 2:45PM.

df - is used to display the amount of free space on your filesystem.
For instance, to print the free space on the Lisa hard disk, type:

df /dev/pOa (which is the Unix name for the ProFile). df with no
arguments shows the free space on all the "mounted" disks.

du - is used to list the space occupied by each file in the current
directory and its subdirectories.

diff - is used to compare two files and get a list of the differences.

Copyright 1985 Unipress Software^ Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UNIX V COMMANDS AND KEYS Page 11

diskformat - is used to format a floppy.
diskformat /dev/rs0a

dump - is used to dump a file system to a floppy diskette. The
filesystem which is dumped can be restored with the restor command.

echo - is used to echo the command line arguments to your terminal.
ed - is the Unix line editor.

fsck - is used to check the consistency and correctness of the Unix
filesystem. Just type fsck and the 'root' filesystem will be checked
for internal consistency; if necessary fsck will fix any problems.
(No problems will exist unless the system has previously crashed). You
can check other filesystems by giving their names, as in
"fsck /dev/p4a"

grep - is used to search a file or files for a text pattern.

login - Is used to sign on to the system. If you sign on as root, you
will have 'superuser' privileges... you can access almost any file,
etc. Read the login entry in Section 1 and the passwd entry in
Section 5 of the full manual for details on adding additional user
id's, etc.

ls - is used to list the contents of a directory. This is known as
dir on man y systems. The command "ls -l" will list the contents of a
directory in long for m. "ls7" gives a colmnar list of the files.

mkdir - is used to make a new directory. The command 'mkdir mark' will
make a new directory named 'mark'; to get to this directory, type
•cd mark'

mkfslb - will make a new Unix filesystem on a hard disk or floppy
disk. This is the Unix version of the usual format commands. NEVER
issue mkfslb to your hard disk or you will kill it! mkfslb should be
used to make a Unix filesystem on Lisa for new floppy disks after they
are formatted.

mkfslb /dev/s0a 800

more - is used to look at a file or files a screenful at a time. Hit
the space bar to get the next screen of data.

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)

7/85 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UNIX V COMMANDS AND KEYS Page 12

mount - is used to mount a Unix filesystem. To mount a diskette, type
'mount /dev/s0a /t', Then /t is the name of that floppy.

To use a floppy;

. If it is not yet formatted

diskformat /dev/rs0a

mkfslb /dev/s0a 800

. In any case

mount /dev/s0a /t
cd /t

As an example,

cat /usr/me/myfile >/t

mv - is used to move (or rename) a file or files. 'mv file* dir'
moves a series of files to the directory dir.

od - is used to dump files to the CRT in a variety of formats.

pr - is used to print files with headings, including the file name^
date, etc. Files can be printed multi-column.

rm - is used to remove a file or series of files.

sh - is the Unix shell or command line interpreter. The shell is the
program which listens to you when you log on. Shells can run under
shells, and shells have their own programming language built-in. By
the way, your Unix system also includes the more-powerful cshell
(csh) .

sort - is used to sort and merge data.

stty - is used to set or display the terminal options. All of the
Lisa ports including the bit-map display can be run at 300, 1200, or
9600 baud, and with many other options.

sync - is used to ensure that all disk writes have been completed
before the system is shutdown. Issue sync twice to be sure.

tar - is used to create and read-in diskette archives of
files/directories. To create a diskette of the contents of the current directory and any subdirectories, issue: "tar cvf /dev/rs0a ."
To bring them back onto the harddisk, issue "tar xvf /dev/rs0a". Read the manual for more details.

umount - is used to unmount a mounted floppy filesystem.

vi - is the standard Unix screen editor.

REMEMBER, READ THE MANUAL FOR FULL EXPLANATIONS

Copyright 1985 UniPress Software, Inc. (E.VPI)