# Setting up your operating system to support character-cell terminals

## The Central "Host" Computer is Not Dead

Despite the advances in speed and ease of use of small, personal computers, and despite the enthusiasm, hype, and general mayhem surrounding the concept of "client/server" computing, there is still a real need in most organizations for some type of central, multi-user, host computer connected to a "thin" user client.

Even PC Week magazine has supported this notion. And so have others. (Although Windows magazine seems to prefer a Windows fat client. Wonder why? ... But if you prefer Unix, you may want to skip to here. Conversely, if you're still wondering where the C:> prompt is in Unix, then look here.)

In addition to the traditional character-cell video terminals and the flashier graphical X11 servers, a new type of thin client is available in the Unix world: the SunRay from Sun Microsystems. (Here is an analysis by SANS of its benefits, such as "hot desking" by plugging in a smart card. There does exist a 3rd-party scheme for Windows application access. One SunRay user's comments are here.) Other contemporary "thin client" concepts include Java and Network Computers.

If you want an application-oriented overview of a modern data network, touching upon how terminal servers fit into the picture, read the Ethernet and server tutorials provided by Lantronix.

## Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP Issues

> It took Microsoft a while to make an attempt at supporting character-cell video terminals from its server operating systems. Although doing remote telnet sessions over TCP/IP is well-established functionality for other serious operating systems, NT Release 4.0 had only a beta-test version of a "telnetd" server available in the extra-cost Resource Kit. If you want to connect to your NT 4.0 system from across the Internet, using a VT100 or equivalent, you first must install the Microsoft beta-test server (and you'll need the bug-fix kit to get it installed) or employ one of several 3rd-party "telnetd" servers. Be warned that in using telnet to connect to Windows NT/2000/XP you may encounter unexpected limitations and quirks.

> Windows 2000 introduced a built-in application called the "telnet server". Using this can present an obstacle, however, since by default W2K allows only the Microsoft-proprietary "NTLM" security authentication method. (In other words, before you can login by giving your user name and a password, you have to specially configure the system.) A more robust level of functionality is available if you download and install the "Windows Services for Unix" package from the Microsoft web site.

> With the increasing density of "blade" servers, the traditional expectation by Microsoft that each Windows system is equipped with a keyboard, video screen, and mouse led users to rely on "KVM multiplexers", which allow (after a fashion) a single set of user-interface devices to control more than one system. Eventually recognizing the limitations of this approach, Microsoft, in Windows 2003 Server, introduced a serial-interface protocol called Emergency Management Services (EMS), allowing some administrative access. Some third-party vendors now support this proprietary mechanism.

#### Information on remote thin-client access to Microsoft Windows 2000/XP/NT/Vista/Win7

- Usenet discussion of what Microsoft calls "Windows Terminal Server".
- Discussion of Windows 2000 Telnet Service (quirks of VTNT).
- PuTTYcyg
- Windows CE Telnet Server (MSDN)
- Description of VTNT from the Kermit Project
- World of Windows Networking
- Virtual Network Computing (VNC multi-platform remote GUI agent.. ..there is even a Palm OS client)
- rdesktop: open-source server for Microsoft "Remote Desktop Protocol" connections to Linux/Unix (rdesktop.org)
- XRDP: open-source server for "Remote Desktop Protocol" connections to Linux/Unix, plus X (sourceforge.net)
- UWIN: project to retrofit NT with useful Unix features (AT&T)
- DOSIX: a guest operating system for Win-NT or OS/2
- SysInternals.com
- FAQ on Windows NT/2000/2003 (Windows IT Pro)
- PC2mePlus (connect to Windows desktop from iPhone)

#### "telnetd" or ssh products for Microsoft Windows XP/2003/2000/NT/Vista/Win7

- Hummingbird Connectivity from OpenText (InetD with telnetd for Windows) :::
- FIJIsoft (FIJInet Next-Generation Telnet Server for Windows) :::
- Vshell (SSH access server for W2K, NT 4.0, or XP from Van Dyke)
- WinSSHd (SSH access server for W2K, NT 4.0, or XP from Bitvise)
- OmniCom Technologies (AlphaServ telnet server for Windows XP/2000)
- Pragma Systems, Inc. (InterAccess)
- Seattle Lab, Inc. (SLnet)
- Reko AB Products (SerNet for Windows-NT + emulators)
- Ataman Software Inc. (TCP Remote Logon Services/Intel & Alpha)
- Georgia Softworks, Inc. (telnetd with encryption)
- GoodTech Systems (telnet and ftp servers for Win98 and WinNT)
- QRlogind (www.winsite.com--see the README file)
- Tridia VNCPro (standards-based remote control)

> WinFrame and WinView from Citrix Systems are not really "telnet" servers; they present a proprietary ICA client/server interface. The same caveat applies to Winterm from Wyse Technology. Similarly, CoSession PC2X from Unipress is a special communication method for operating a PC from a Unix/X-window environment controller.

> After a period of uncertainty in 1999, Microsoft decided to use technology developed by Citrix to form the basis of its "Windows NT Server 4.0 Terminal Server Edition". Over the next several years and Windows release cycles, this mutated into Windows Terminal Services and the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Companies wishing to use these proprietary protocols must obtain a license from Microsoft.

> Microsoft says that Remote Desktop in Windows XP Professional uses Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) version 5.1. Some of the new features added to RDP 5.1 are support for 24-bit color, audio redirection, smart-card redirection, COM-port redirection, local-network-printer redirection and disk-drive redirection. Additionally, RDP 5.1 claims better compression, improved performance, and virtual channel compression.

> Other developments of note:

> - HOBLink JWT Java-based "Windows Terminal Server" Client (with a version for Mac) has a WebSecureProxy option.
> - the Tarantella thin-client technology from SCO and Wyse.
> - Windows client technology from TekCentric Corporation.
> - Windows client commentary from ThinPlanet, along with some commentary about Microsoft's TSE pricing policy.
> - Tektronix used to offer a Windows thin-client protocol, but the firm surrendered to Microsoft, spun off that division as the Grass Valley Group, and left that line of business.

> The trend continues: Microsoft continues to tighten its grip on the entire computer industry by absorbing the innovations made by others and paying off its previous victims of anti-trust violations: disheartened and bewildered competitors throw down their technology and flee before it. (And with good reason; a UCLA student tried hard, but found it impossible to buy a computer without Microsoft Windows.

> Originally, the POSIX subsystem that Microsoft supplied for Windows NT was there chiefly to let government auditors scribble a checkmark on their list of required features for bids. Interix, a company that made a Unix-like subsystem for Windows, had a web page listing the limitations of the POSIX subsystem...until Microsoft bought Interix out. But, as of 2004, Microsoft is offering a Passport/.NET download of Microsoft Windows Services for Unix, (SFU) which appears to be a Unix-like command-line "shell" user interface to the POSIX features.

> Here is why Bill Gates is not really like Thomas Edison.

"We felt a tremor in the Force when you entered the Death Star."

-- Unnamed Microsoft employee to San Jose Mercury News columnist Dan Gillmor on 2000-04-24

Further developments... and the findings of fact.

#### Evaluations and Comparisons of Windows 2000/NT

- Australian Analysis of "Total Cost of Ownership"
- Unix-vs-NT.Org (operating environment comparisons)
- Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 versus UNIX by John Kirch
- NT BugTraq (enumerating Windows 2000/NT security problems)
- NT Security information at NTadvice.com (Alas, buggy JavaScript...)

#### Remote Access for Windows 95, Windows 3.1, MS-DOS, etc.

> Microsoft's other systems are not inherently multi-user, but here are some 3rd-party tools for remote access.

- Maarten Buechli seems no longer to be maintaining the STerm telnet server for Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000, but you can still view an archive of his description of the program and download a local copy of the version 2.0 executable and several documentation files (zip archive). (Beware that the plain "telnet" and "rlogin" protocols it speaks are no longer safe to use, unsecured, on the public Internet.)
- Kermit-95 Host Mode (Columbia)
- Lahna Terminal Server (freeware for Win98/Me and emulators)
- WAC (Windows Access) Server (Windows NT/2000/XP/2003: FoxItSoftware)
- 123 Terminal Server (Windows 95/98/Me: FoxItSoftware)
- Reko AB Products (SerNet for Windows 95 + emulators)
- Command-line SSH and SCP for Windows-32
- Fictional Daemon (telnet/ftp server for Windows 95/98/Me: the link is slow; you may have to wait a minute.)
- Midasoft offered the "123 Terminal Server" for Windows 95/98/Me.
- Concurrent Controls, Inc. (Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, Applica, WinNet)
- Aylott's Windows 95 FAQs
- Screen Shots of Historic Versions of Microsoft Windows
- Attempting CTTY under MS-DOS

#### General Microsoft Windows 2000/NT/XP-pro Information

- XP, 2000, NT, and 95 Systems Internals FAQs
- World of Windows Networking
- Windows-NT Security FAQ (1997)

> The MKS Inc. website has a tough task to accomplish: to flatter the opinion that Windows is better than Unix, while--at the same time--promoting Windows versions of necessary tools which Unix has always had, but which Microsoft does not provide.

> William Spaulding wrote this analysis of the economic models and market forces that Microsoft wields so well.

> Here is the official web site for "Coordinated State Enforcement of Microsoft Antitrust Judgments".

> (On the other hand, if you'd get a kick of having a computer which is completely devoid of Microsoft operating systems, you can try out Lineo's DR-DOS for Intel x86, or investigate Jim Hall's FreeDOS.)

     ...........................................................................

                 Win Three for the Elvenkings under the sky,
         Win Ninety-Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,
                     Nine 5 for mortal Men doomed to die,
                  One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne,
                In the land of Redmond where the shadows lie.
               One Win to rule them all, One Win to find them,
             One Win to bring them all and in darkness bind them
                In the land of Redmond where the shadows lie.

                     (Ancient inscription translated by
                               Randy Hawley)

## Unix and Unix-Like Operating Systems

If what you're looking for is a Unix terminfo or termcap entry for some specific terminal type, you may want to check out the master "terminfo" file now maintained by Eric Raymond. It includes over 800 terminal descriptions; Eric has periodically updated it with new discoveries. You can obtain the files from his site, but I also have local copies of both the terminfo database and the termcap database files.

As of 2003, everybody who uses computers is aware of Linux as an alternative to Microsoft's Windows operating systems for commodity, PC-type, X86-processor hardware. However, other Unix variants are also available for Intel/AMD X86-CPU-architecture systems.

My personal favorite among these products is the Intel-architecture version of Sun's Solaris which I have run at home since 1997. A "FAQ" listing is available here. As of spring 2005, Sun is offering free downloads of Solaris 10 images for both X86 and SPARC processors.

Other low-cost alternatives to Linux, include OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, and even SCO's products.

You can find out here about having both a Unix system and Windows co-existing on the same computer, alternately booted. (Two other schemes for coexistence are Bochs and the Ranish Partition Manager.)

If you need beginner's help on how to login to a Unix (or Linux) system using a terminal, you can read introductory materials from here at the University of Tennessee, or from Unix Guru Universe, or some help from New Zealand and from the Netherlands. Now there is also this introductory video-terminal tutorial for Unix by Anthony Lawrence. (Tony has also placed on the Web some general principles of programming for terminals , including some information on termcap.) There is also the Beginner's Guide to Telnet from the vendor of the Anzio telnet package and the commentary on terminals from the FreeBSD project. (This FreeBSD page moves from time to time; it's current as of 2001-07-12.). Also, you can refer to The Unix and Internet Fundamentals Howto.

Fledgling Unix sysadmins may find help in Frank Fiamingo's online manual. They may also want to purchase this hardcopy book to learn techniques for fighting fires in system administration. Information on moving from Linux to Solaris and other Unix versions is available here, and here is a guidebook for Windows NT/2000/XP admins learning Solaris. Also useful is the Unix Administrators' Rosetta Stone.

Fledgling Unix/Linux software developers might benefit from knowing these "secret" conventions of linking executable programs.

- Discussion of UNIX and LINUX terminal use.
- Information on UNIX/LINUX Workstation Keyboards.
- Sun serial-port information.
- General information about terminals.
- Information about X Windows and the "xterm" client.
- Discussion of SSH/Secure Shell protocol and implementations.
- Terminal servers connect serial terminals to computers via networks.
- Celeste's Unix Serial Port Resources: Terminals/Emulators (at Sunhelp.org)
- SCO/Caldera OpenServer Unix Documentation (2003)
- screen session multiplexing program (Guckes)
- manyterm session multiplexing program (Whitis)
- Discussion of termcap and terminfo (also the "curses" library), how screen attributes are controlled.
- termcap entries for VT100 (but also see the master terminfo file--2003: moved to catb.org).
- termcap entry for DEC VT320.
- tabset initialization file for VT300 series. (uuencoded)
- tabset initialization file for VT100 series ("wide"). (uuencoded)
- "termcap" entries and discussion for DEC terminals.
- Termcap entries for the IBM 3100 series products.
- Terminfo entry for the PuTTY SSH client.
- SunOS 4.x /usr/include/sun/dev/kbd.h (link repaired)
- Global terminal-capability database (termcap/terminfo) (Eric Raymond: 2003 link)
- terminfo database (Dickey: 2005 FTP link)
- termcap database (Dickey: 2005 FTP link)
- Open-source implementation of the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
- Updating screens and moving cursors with "curses" (gzipped PS)
- ncurses (new curses terminal-control library)
- Programming and network-application tools (Thomas E. Dickey)
- X/Open Curses Documentation Issue 4 version 2 (OpenGroup.org)
- ncurses 3x manpage (invisible-island.net)
- MKS Toolkit Curses Reference Documentation (mkssoftware.com)
- Description of "scoansi" terminal emulation from SCO OpenServer Unix Documentation
- International Terminal Interfaces (incl. color) (OpenGroup.org)
- Serial console setup with GRUB bootloader (rajeevnet.com) :::.
- Setting up a serial terminal in Solaris (Stokely via Sunhelp) :::.
- How To: Serial consoles on a Sun or SGI system (obsolyte.com)
- Setting up a serial terminal in Solaris x86 (Sun/FAQ)
- Solaris serial-port resources (Doug Hughes)
- Search Sun Access1 TechNotes
- Setting up "Alternate Break" on a Sun serial console (man kbd)
- GNU termcap man pages (or from Europe try T. U. Wein's copy)
- IBM AIX: Managing TTY Devices and Serial Communications (aixterm/3163)
- Martin P.J. Zinser's "How To" Recipes (includes Digital Unix)
- NetBSD Unix Serial Port Primer (netbsd.org)
- Using X terminals, PC-Scan-Code terminals, and serial terminals with SCO Unix (caldera.com)
- Introduction to Using the Unix "termcap" library (fnal.gov)
- How to write your own termcap entry (Anthony Thyssen, gu.edu.au)
- Linux serial-port "How to" (Lawyer/tldp.org)
- Linux Text-Terminal "How to"
  (Alternate FTP source for text-terminal "How to")
- MacTerminal Mini-Howto (for Macintosh/iMac/iBook owners)
- Linux Remote Serial Console "How To"
- Linux (Local) Keyboard and Console "How to" (alternate link)
- Linux utilities for terminal use (ibiblio.org) ::::
- Linux utilities for terminal port settings (sunsite/unc)
- Termpkg (The Poor Man's Terminal Server...built from a Linux PC)
- Andrew's guide to terminals and keymappings (mostly Linux/bash)
- Linux Installation Guide
- AIX terminfo entries for ANSI terminal types
- Controlling the flow of serial data is often important. (especially for users of Emacs....)
- "But why can't the computer do a command when I type Control-S?
- Introductory Video-Terminal Tutorial for Unix (Anthony Lawrence)
- Terminal-Related Questions from the Unix User's Guide. (Boston University)
- MicroFocus, COBOL vendor, gives advice on Unix terminfo problems.
- Introduction to Unix (BU)
- Unix Reference Desk (courtesy of Geek Girl)
- SunHelp FAQs
- Now: the "Purple Handbook" on Unix System Administration (3rd ed.)
  by Nemeth, Snyder, Seebass, and Hein: Solaris, HPUX, AIX, Linux...
- ...and the associated Admin.Com Web site.
- Unix Hints & Hacks (infobase.informit.com: book by Waingrow)
- Introduction to Unix System Administration (PS: Fiamingo/Ohio State)
- Unix System Administration Independent Learning (HTML: Indiana U.)
- Unix 7th Edition Documentation
- CDE (Common Desktop Environment) FAQ (Talwar: 2000 link)
- Solaris CDE User's Guide
- HP-UX FAQ (HTML: Ohio State)
- FAQ from comp.unix.admin (Stevens Tech)
- ThinSoft WinConnects (Solaris client for what Microsoft calls "Terminal Services", using RDP)
- qterm is a program by <jmg@dxcoms.cern.ch> that helps a Unix computer identify which type of remote terminal it is talking to. You can retrieve qterm from the archive here or from its original location.
- Another Unix program for identifying the remote terminal type is termset.
- Csh terminal setup from remote logins (Anthony Thyssen, gu.edu.au)
- Setting up serial (character-cell) video terminals under HPUX 10.20 (hp.com)
- Configuring HP-UX For Peripherals: HP 9000 Computers (docs.hp.com)
- SSH: the secure shell (SSH Communications Security, Ltd.)
- OpenSSH (free package from OpenBSD Project)
- OpenSSH/chroot information (allow limited-function connections)
- Terminal considerations for reading email with Pine client.
- FAQ from "comp.unix.programmer"
- Links to AIX software :::
- Bull Freeware for AIX
- UUCP Documentation
- Serial Programming Guide for POSIX-Compliant Operating Systems
- Xi Graphics offers notes on which laptops can run Solaris X86...
  and offers Accelerated-X free demos for downloading.

Of course, there are some people who feel that this is the chief contribution of Unix to the advancement of civilization.

#### User Group and Consortium Information

- OpenSource.Org
- Usenix User Group
- The Unix Heritage Society (tuhs.org)
- The Open Group (POSIX, X11, Motif, CDE, DCE)

#### Miscellaneous Product Vendor Information

- WRQ Reflection NFS Client (for Windows)

## Compaq/DEC OpenVMS Operating System

- Setting the terminal type from within VMS
- Using various terminal types under the VMS operating system.
- Character-cell terminal Bookreader for VMS. (MadGoat)
- FTP from VMS to VMS. (graysoft)
- The experts on DECUServe had a discussion of serial data communication (and other things).
- OpenVMS FAQ (includes wiring pinouts, etc., or use the Web version)
- OpenVMS Hobbyist Program (montagar)
- Narnia VMS and Windows NT Information (Memphis)
- Hedrick's Introduction to Administration of an Internet-Based Local Network
- MicroVAX/VAXstation FAQ
- Levitte Programming offers information about VMS. (1998 domain)
- Secure Sockets Layer for VMS (or see Byer's SSL page at Geocities).
- David Mathog of Caltech offers beginner's user hints for VMS.
- Process Software (TCPware for Open/VMS: TCP/IP + Webservers)
- Process Software MultiNet (was TGV/Cisco: TCP/IP for Open/VMS)
- DJE Systems: VMS Consulting (Dachtera)
- Mad Goat Software (has pointers to OpenVMS freeware)
- Pointers to HP/DEC OpenVMS freely available software
- "Free VMS" Project: As Linus did for Unix... (Levitte)
- Discussion of Free OpenVMS Licenses for Hobbyist Use (Montagar)
- OpenVMS Resource Center Discussion Forum
- Martin P.J. Zinser's "How To" Recipes (includes OpenVMS)
- Windows NT Connection
- La page WEB `a Syltrem
- information on DEC terminal types

#### User Group Information

- DECUS User Group

## IBM Operating Systems

- IBM Terminal-Emulation/Data Communication Page
- What is a Mainframe? When might you want one?
- On data communication in the IBM world.
- Bull Freeware for AIX.
- IBM AS/400 Home Page
- Netshare400.com
- Eric Loriaux's System/390 Home Page
- VSE operating system mailing list
- MVS Utilities (Mark Zelden)
- Advice for connecting Procomm to IBM multiuser systems (Quarterdeck--July 1997)
- DOSIX: a guest operating system for OS/2 Warp

#### User Group Information

- SHARE User Group
- COMMON User Group
- DPMA (The Association of Information Systems Professionals)
- NaSPA (Network and Systems Professionals Association)
- WAVV (World Alliance of VSE and VM)

## Apple Operating Systems

Mac OS X, being based on FreeBSD Unix, shares most of the configuration characteristics of that environment, subject to the extent to which Macintosh hardware supports serial and network communication.

- Script Daemon (free Applescript telnet-server interface for Mac OS 9)
- OS X FAQ.com
- Mac OS X Hints
- MacWindows (Macintosh/Windows Interoperability)

## Other Current Multi-User Operating Systems

- Terminal-type parameter files for Stratus Computer's VOS.
- New VOS "ttp" files for DEC VT220 and VT320 video terminals.
- Description of ANSI terminal support in recent VOS releases. (ftp)
- And general advice on connecting terminals to Stratus systems.
- And lots of other information pertaining to Stratus systems.
- Unisys news
- Apollo Computer Archive (U. Michigan)
- PRIMOS FAQ (Malcolm Hoar's lore of PR1ME Computer)
- Ryengoth's Pick Source Web Site (Pick)
- HP/3000 and MPE Resources (Interex)
- Archive of mailing list: HPMINI-L (www.am.qub.ac.uk)

#### User Group Information

- Stratagy User Group (Stratus)
- Compaq Tru64 ("Digital Unix") User Group
- Unite User Group (Unisys)
- The Unofficial Wang VS Information Center (tjunker.com)
- Fédération des Equipes Bull (Honeywell/Bull)

In July 2005, Interex (International Association of Hewlett-Packard Computing Professionals) filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection with $4 million in debt, closing its operations. At its apogee, the Sunnyvale-based user group had claimed 100,000 members and conducted the annual HP World user conference. Hewlett-Packard bought the defunct user group's customer database and mailing list for $66,500. The website "www.interex.org" also went offline.

## Connecting Serial Terminals to Hosts through Network Terminal Servers (Access Concentrators)

- Archived commentary about terminal servers.
- From the archives: discussion about serial communication.
- The Kermit FAQ touches on serveral terminal-server issues.
- Data communication discussion from DECUSserve.

Vendors of Terminal Servers

- Cyclades (Unix console server vendor, with RADIUS and SSH support, also TS100 single-port secure serial servers)
- Lantronix (now selling the compact Universal (Thin) Device Server)
- Chapp/Mercury Group (serial to Ethernet)
- Aurora Technologies
- Perle Systems (Unix console servers, with RADIUS and SSH support)
- Digi International (with MiLAN) sells terminal servers and console servers
- Digital Networks Products Guide (DecServer Products)
- Xylogics (subsidiary of Bay Networks, which has become part of Nortel Networks)
- Xyplex Networks (division of Whittaker Corporation)
- Lucent Technologies now has a "Remote Access Business Unit" that used to be Livingston Enterprises, Inc.
- Cisco Systems, Inc. (well known vendor of network access products)
- Chaser Research
- Shiva
- Penril/Datability was renamed to "Access Beyond" but has now merged with Hayes Microcomputer Products.
  (another Penril link)
- Central Data (EtherLite Port Servers)

### Support Resources for Terminal Servers/Access Concentrators

- Zonker's Greater Scroll of Console Knowledge
- Which terminal servers are "BREAK-safe"? (conserver.com)
- Annex Console Connection Guide (conserver.com)
- conserver (multiple simultaneous users to serial console)
- Tutorials on Network-Enabling Devices for Automation (digi)

A clever product has appeared on the market to allow remote administration of Intel-architecture Unix servers through a serial port (as has always been possible with purpose-built Unix workstations). The PC Weasel emulates the frame buffer of the otherwise-obsolete IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) to perform this trick.

## Operating Systems of Historical Interest

- BitSavers.Org and a mirror site (preserving historic documentation)
- MULTICS (Stratus, Green)
  It is probably safe to say that every operating system now in use has been influenced by MULTICS.
- The Multics EMACS Editor broke new ground for LISP and Telnet.
- Honeywell GCOS is best known now for a field in "/etc/passwd".
- Strobe Data Corporation (PDP-11 and Data General PC co-processor supplier)
- The PDP-11 Page
- The Gentry Collection of Mature Computers
- PDP-11 Unix Preservation Society
- Ersatz-11 PDP-11 emulator (dbit)
- MultiBug Software PDP-11 Page
- The PDP-10 Page (No, the PDP-10 was not a precursor to the PDP-11; it was a mainframe-class machine with legendary user-friendliness; some of its features still are better than those offered by other operating systems...)
- PDP-11, PDP-8, DECsystem-10 information (dbit, Wilson)
- Digital PDP-8 Introduction to Programming (PDF)
- The Minicomputer Orphanage (data on historic computers...Prime, Corvus, Nanodata, TI, Ridge, ...and collector of Xerox machines)
- Sign up to use a Historic Supercomputer!
- John Elliott's Page (CP/M, Spectrum, Amstrad, GEM)
- Visit Jay Jaeger's Collection of Peripherals (2004 link)
- Mach Home Page (CMU)

(return to Video Terminal index page)

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