# 2.11BSD#431 - /usr/src/new/OLD/apl/doc/man.0

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    .ds a2 "\s-2APL2\s0
    .ds f "\s-2FORTRAN\s0
    .ds u "\s-2UNIX\s0
    .ds qd "[\h'-12u']
    .DA
    .TL
    UNIX* \*a\\\\11
    User's Manual
    .AU
    John D. Bruner
    A. P. Reeves
    .AI
    School of Electrical Engineering
    .br
    Purdue University
    .br
    West Lafayette, IN  47907
    .PP
    .hy 14
    This manual is intended to
    serve as a guide to the use
    of \*u \*a.
    .FS
    *\*u is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
    .FE
    It is not intended to be
    a reference manual on
    the \*a language;
    rather,
    it describes the local
    implementation of \*a.
    .PP
    Portions of this manual are intended for
    the new \*a user;
    persons who have used other \*a
    systems will probably want to skim most
    sections,
    and concentrate on the sections
    concerning error messages,
    the state indicator,
    editing functions,
    and the appendices.
    For these users,
    differences between \*u \*a
    and standard \*a are noted
    where appropriate.
    .NH 1
    What's a Workspace?
    .PP
    One of the most important
    concepts pertaining to the
    use of \*a is the idea of
    a
    ``workspace''.
    Simply stated,
    a
    workspace
    is a collection of
    information
    (including both
    functions and data)
    to be processed.
    Programmers accustomed
    to compiler languages
    such as \*f may
    find this concept somewhat
    unusual
    so let's explore it
    a bit further.
    .PP
    Perhaps the best way
    to start describing a
    workspace is to define
    another term \(em
    ``file''.
    A file is also a
    collection of
    information.
    On \*u,
    however,
    a file
    .I usually
    contains only one
    type of information;
    e.g. a C program or
    data for a \*f program.
    A standard program,
    perhaps written in \*f,
    may access data in the file
    by ``opening''
    the file
    and reading it.
    The file may also
    be ``created'',
    written,
    or removed.
    .PP
    \*a differs from \*f
    in that, while it is running,
    all of the information it
    needs is internal to itself.
    That is,
    all of the variables that the
    functions will require are
    already available.
    As functions are written,
    they are added to this internal
    storehouse of information.
    As the functions are run,
    and data is generated,
    the data is added to this
    internal storehouse.
    \*a provides the facility
    to save part or all of this
    information in a special
    format
    (``workspace'' or "load" format)
    in a \*u file.
    This file can only be
    used by \*a in later runs
    (it should not,
    for instance,
    be printed on the line-printer).
    .PP
    In addition,
    \*a is capable of working with
    more conventional files,
    which are in character format
    and can be edited and displayed
    outside of \*a.
    These files are in
    ``ASCII''
    format.
    .NH 1
    Getting Into and Out of \*a
    .NH 2
    Getting on \*u
    .PP
    In order to use \*u \*a
    you must first obtain a \*u account.
    Your account will have a
    ``login name''
    and also a
    ``password''.
    Your
    login name
    is your user
    identifier.
    Find an unused \*u
    terminal and turn it on.
    Hold down the Control key
    and type a D.
    The terminal should erase
    the screen,
    print a message identifying
    the \*u system,
    and ask:
    .sp
    login:
    .sp
    Type your
    ``login name''
    followed by a carriage return.
    The system will respond with:
    .sp
    Password:
    .sp
    Type your password.
    \*u will not display
    what you type
    so someone cannot look
    over your shoulder at the
    terminal and steal your account.
    .PP
    When \*u is satisfied that you
    can login
    it will print the
    ``message of the day'',
    which is comprised of any
    important news about the system,
    and then it will type out a
    dollar sign*:
    .FS
    *The dollar-sign prompt is used by the
    ``standard'' shell
    ``/bin/sh''.
    If you are using the C-shell
    (``/bin/csh'')
    the prompt will be a percent sign.
    The command interpreter which is used
    is of little importance for the
    examples in this manual.
    .FE
    .sp
    $
    .sp
    This is the standard \*u prompt,
    which means that it is waiting for
    you to enter a command.
    .NH 2
    How do I start \*a?
    .PP
    The answer in this case is
    extremely simple \(em
    type the command:
    .sp
    $ apl
    .sp
    \*a will print a title
    identifying itself and the
    date of the current version,
    will print ``clear ws'',
    and will then tab 8 spaces
    to the right.
    This is \*a's prompt,
    which means that it is
    expecting you to type something.
    The ``clear ws''
    message means that
    you do not have anything
    in your workspace
    (no functions or variables
    have been defined).
    .PP
    Equally important to getting
    into \*a is getting out.
    To terminate \*a,
    use the ``)off''
    \*a system command.
    You will once again get the
    dollar-sign as a prompt.

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