# 2.11BSD#431 - /usr/man/cat8/badsect.0

    BADSECT(8)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	       BADSECT(8)

    NAME
         badsect - create files to contain bad sectors

    SYNOPSIS
         /sbin/badsect sector ...

    DESCRIPTION
         Badsect makes a file to contain a bad sector.  Normally, bad
         sectors are made inaccessible by the standard formatter,
         which provides a forwarding table for bad sectors to the
         driver; see bad144(8) for details.  If a driver supports the
         bad blocking standard it is much preferable to use that
         method to isolate bad blocks, since the bad block forwarding
         makes the pack appear perfect, and such packs can then be
         copied with dd(1).  The technique used by this program is
         also less general than bad block forwarding, as badsect
         can't make amends for bad blocks in the i-list of file sys-
         tems or in swap areas.

         Adding a sector which is suddenly bad to the bad sector
         table currently requires the running of the standard DEC
         formatter, as UNIX does not supply formatters.  Thus to deal
         with a newly bad block or on disks where the drivers do not
         support the bad-blocking standard badsect may be used to
         good effect.

         Badsect is used on a quiet file system in the following way:
         First mount the file system, and change to its root direc-
         tory.  Make a directory BAD there and change into it.  Run
         badsect giving as argument all the bad sectors you wish to
         add.  (The sector numbers should be given as physical disk
         sectors relative to the beginning of the file system,
         exactly as the system reports the sector numbers in its con-
         sole error messages.) Then change back to the root direc-
         tory, unmount the file system and run fsck(8) on the file
         system.  The bad sectors should show up in two files or in
         the bad sector files and the free list.  Have fsck remove
         files containing the offending bad sectors, but do not have
         it remove the BAD/nnnnn files.  This will leave the bad sec-
         tors in only the BAD files.

         Badsect works by giving the specified sector numbers in a
         mknod(2) system call (after taking into account the
         filesystem's block size), creating a regular file whose
         first block address is the block containing bad sector and
         whose name is the bad sector number.  The file has 0 length,
         but the check programs will still consider it to contain the
         block containing the sector.  This has the pleasant effect
         that the sector is completely inaccessible to the containing
         file system since it is not available by accessing the file.

    Printed 11/24/99						1

    BADSECT(8)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	       BADSECT(8)

    SEE ALSO
         mknod(2), bad144(8), fsck(8)

    BUGS
         If both sectors which comprise a (1024 byte) disk block are
         bad, you should specify only one of them to badsect, as the
         blocks in the bad sector files actually cover both (bad)
         disk sectors.

         On the PDP-11, only sector number less than 131072 may be
         specified on 1024-byte block filesystems, 65536 on 512-byte
         block filesystems.  This is because only a short int is
         passed to the system from mknod.

    Printed 11/24/99						2

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