# 2.11BSD#431 - /usr/man/cat1/eqn.0

    EQN(1)		    UNIX Programmer's Manual		   EQN(1)

    NAME
         eqn, neqn, checkeq - typeset mathematics

    SYNOPSIS
         eqn [ -dxy ] [ -pn ] [ -sn ] [ -fn ] [ file ] ...
         checkeq [ file ] ...

    DESCRIPTION
         Eqn is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting mathematics
         on a Graphic Systems phototypesetter, neqn on terminals.
         Usage is almost always

    	  eqn file ... | troff
    	  neqn file ... | nroff

         If no files are specified, these programs read from the
         standard input.  A line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start
         of an equation; the end of an equation is marked by a line
         beginning with `.EN'.  Neither of these lines is altered, so
         they may be defined in macro packages to get centering,
         numbering, etc.  It is also possible to set two characters
         as `delimiters'; subsequent text between delimiters is also
         treated as eqn input.  Delimiters may be set to characters x
         and y with the command-line argument -dxy or (more commonly)
         with `delim xy' between .EQ and .EN.  The left and right
         delimiters may be identical.  Delimiters are turned off by
         `delim off'.  All text that is neither between delimiters
         nor between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched.

         The program checkeq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters
         and .EQ/.EN pairs.

         Tokens within eqn are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines,
         braces, double quotes, tildes or circumflexes.  Braces {}
         are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single
         character like x could appear, a complicated construction
         enclosed in braces may be used instead.  Tilde ~ represents
         a full space in the output, circumflex ^ half as much.

         Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
         sub and sup. Thus x sub i makes xi, a sub i sup 2 produces
         ai
          2
           , and e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2} gives e
    						    x2+y2
    						      .

         Fractions are made with over: a over b yields
    						     b

    						       <i>a.

         sqrt makes square roots: 1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}

         results in
                    v/~~~~~~~~ax
    		      2
    			+bx+c

    		     1________ .

    Printed 11/26/99	   May 9, 1986				1

    EQN(1)		    UNIX Programmer's Manual		   EQN(1)

         The keywords from and to introduce lower and upper limits on

         arbitrary things:
    			     n->oo
    			    lim
    			       0
    				 >~
    				 n
    				  xi is made with lim from {n-> inf }

         sum from 0 to n x sub i.

         Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height
         are made with left and right: left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over

         alpha right ] ~=~1 produces
    				 |
    				  |
    				  |
    				    x
    				      2
    					+
    					   o(

                                          y
                                           2
    				      __
    					|
    					|
    					|
    					   = 1.	The right clause

         is optional.  Legal characters after left and right are
         braces, brackets, bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and
         "" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only
         bracket).

         Vertical piles of things are made with pile, lpile, cpile,

         and rpile: pile {a above b above c} produces
    						   c
    						     b
    						     a

    						      .  There can

         be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile.  lpile left-
         justifies, pile and cpile center, with different vertical
         spacing, and rpile right justifies.

         Matrices are made with matrix: matrix { lcol { x sub i above

         y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } } produces
    						 y2

                                                 xi

                                                     2

    						   1

    						    .  In addition,

         there is rcol for a right-justified column.

         Diacritical marks are made with dot, dotdot, hat, tilde,
         bar, vec, dyad, and under: x dot = f(t) bar is x.=f(t)~~~~, y
         dotdot bar ~=~ n under is y..~ = <i>n, and x vec ~=~ y dyad is
         x->= y<-->.

         Sizes and font can be changed with size n or size +n, roman,
         italic, bold, and font n. Size and fonts can be changed glo-
         bally in a document by gsize n and gfont n, or by the
         command-line arguments -sn and -fn.

         Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point
         sizes from the previous size; this may be changed by the
         command-line argument -pn.

         Successive display arguments can be lined up.  Place mark
         before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place
         lineup at the place that is to line up vertically in subse-
         quent equations.

         Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined
         with define: define thing % replacement % defines a new
         token called thing which will be replaced by replacement

    Printed 11/26/99	   May 9, 1986				2

    EQN(1)		    UNIX Programmer's Manual		   EQN(1)

         whenever it appears thereafter.  The % may be any character
         that does not occur in replacement.

         Keywords like sum (>~) int () inf (oo) and shorthands like >=
         (>) -> (->), and != (=/) are recognized.  Greek letters are
         spelled out in the desired case, as in alpha or GAMMA.
         Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are made Roman
         automatically.  Troff(1) four-character escapes like \(bs ()
         can be used anywhere.  Strings enclosed in double quotes
         "..." are passed through untouched; this permits keywords to
         be entered as text, and can be used to communicate with
         troff when all else fails.

    SEE ALSO
         troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7)
         B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, Typesetting Mathematics-
         User's Guide
         J. F. Ossanna, NROFF/TROFF User's Manual

    BUGS
         To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote
         them, as in `bold "12.3"'.

    Printed 11/26/99	   May 9, 1986				3

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