# 2.11BSD#431 - /usr/man/cat1/compress.0

    COMPRESS(1)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	      COMPRESS(1)

    NAME
         compress, uncompress, zcat - compress and expand data

    SYNOPSIS
         compress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -b bits ] [ name ... ]
         uncompress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ name ... ]
         zcat [ name ... ]

    DESCRIPTION
         Compress reduces the size of the named files using adaptive
         Lempel-Ziv coding.  Whenever possible, each file is replaced
         by one with the extension .Z, while keeping the same owner-
         ship modes, access and modification times.  If no files are
         specified, the standard input is compressed to the standard
         output.  Compressed files can be restored to their original
         form using uncompress or zcat.

         The -f option will force compression of name, even if it
         does not actually shrink or the corresponding name.Z file
         already exists.  Except when run in the background under
         /bin/sh, if -f is not given the user is prompted as to
         whether an existing name.Z file should be overwritten.

         The -c (``cat'') option makes compress/uncompress write to
         the standard output; no files are changed.  The nondestruc-
         tive behavior of zcat is identical to that of uncompress -c.

         Compress uses the modified Lempel-Ziv algorithm popularized
         in "A Technique for High Performance Data Compression",
         Terry A. Welch, IEEE Computer, vol. 17, no. 6 (June 1984),
         pp. 8-19.	Common substrings in the file are first replaced
         by 9-bit codes 257 and up.  When code 512 is reached, the
         algorithm switches to 10-bit codes and continues to use more
         bits until the limit specified by the -b flag is reached
         (default 16).  Bits must be between 9 and 16.  The default
         can be changed in the source to allow compress to be run on
         a smaller machine.

         After the bits limit is attained, compress periodically
         checks the compression ratio.  If it is increasing, compress
         continues to use the existing code dictionary.  However, if
         the compression ratio decreases, compress discards the table
         of substrings and rebuilds it from scratch.  This allows the
         algorithm to adapt to the next "block" of the file.

         Note that the -b flag is omitted for uncompress, since the
         bits parameter specified during compression is encoded
         within the output, along with a magic number to ensure that
         neither decompression of random data nor recompression of
         compressed data is attempted.

    Printed 11/26/99	  May 11, 1986				1

    COMPRESS(1)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	      COMPRESS(1)

         The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of
         the input, the number of bits per code, and the distribution
         of common substrings.  Typically, text such as source code
         or English is reduced by 50-60%.  Compression is generally
         much better than that achieved by Huffman coding (as used in
         pack), or adaptive Huffman coding (compact), and takes less
         time to compute.

         The -v option causes the printing of the percentage reduc-
         tion of each file.

         If an error occurs, exit status is 1, else if the last file
         was not compressed because it became larger, the status is
         2; else the status is 0.

    DIAGNOSTICS
         Usage: compress [-fvc] [-b maxbits] [file ...]
    	     Invalid options were specified on the command line.
         Missing maxbits
    	     Maxbits must follow -b.
         file: not in compressed format
    	     The file specified to uncompress has not been
    	     compressed.
         file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits
    	     File was compressed by a program that could deal
    	     with more bits than the compress code on this
    	     machine.  Recompress the file with smaller bits.
         file: already has .Z suffix -- no change
    	     The file is assumed to be already compressed.
    	     Rename the file and try again.
         file: filename too long to tack on .Z
    	     The file cannot be compressed because its name is
    	     longer than 12 characters.  Rename and try again.
    	     This message does not occur on BSD systems.
         file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
    	     Respond "y" if you want the output file to be
    	     replaced; "n" if not.
         uncompress: corrupt input
    	     A SIGSEGV violation was detected which usually means
    	     that the input file is corrupted.
         Compression: xx.xx%
    	     Percentage of the input saved by compression.
    	     (Relevant only for -v.)
         -- not a regular file: unchanged
    	     When the input file is not a regular file, (e.g. a
    	     directory), it is left unaltered.
         -- has xx other links: unchanged
    	     The input file has links; it is left unchanged.  See
    	     ln(1) for more information.
         -- file unchanged
    	     No savings is achieved by compression.  The input
    	     remains virgin.

    Printed 11/26/99	  May 11, 1986				2

    COMPRESS(1)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	      COMPRESS(1)

    BUGS
         Although compressed files are compatible between machines
         with large memory, -b12 should be used for file transfer to
         architectures with a small process data space (64KB or less,
         as exhibited by the DEC PDP series, the Intel 80286, etc.)

         compress should be more flexible about the existence of the
         `.Z' suffix.

    Printed 11/26/99	  May 11, 1986				3

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