## The Assembler Description

### ... Invoking ASxxxx

####

       Starting  an  ASxxxx assembler without any arguments provides
    the following option list and then exits:

    Usage: [-options] file1 [file2 file3 ...]
      -d   Decimal listing
      -q   Octal   listing
      -x   Hex     listing (default)
      -g   Undefined symbols made global
      -a   All user symbols made global
      -b   Display .define substitutions in listing
      -bb  and display without .define substitutions
      -c   Enable instruction cycle count in listing
      -j   Enable NoICE Debug Symbols
      -y   Enable SDCC  Debug Symbols
      -l   Create list   output file1[.lst]
      -o   Create object output file1[.rel]
      -s   Create symbol output file1[.sym]
      -p   Disable listing pagination
      -u   Disable .list/.nlist processing
      -w   Wide listing format for symbol table
      -z   Disable case sensitivity for symbols
      -f   Flag relocatable references by  `   in listing file
      -ff  Flag relocatable references by mode in listing file

       The ASxxxx assemblers are command line oriented.  Most sytems
    require the option(s) and file(s) arguments to follow the ASxxxx
    assembler name:

    as6809 [-Options] file1 [file2 file3 ...]

    Some  systems  may  request the arguments after the assembler is
    started at a system specific prompt:

    as6809
    argv:  [-Options] file1 [file2 file3 ...]

    The ASxxxx options in some more detail:

            -d      decimal listing
            -q      octal   listing
            -x      hex     listing (default)

                    The listing radix affects the
                    .lst, .rel, and .sym files.

            -g      undefined symbols made global

                    Unresolved (external) variables
                    and symbols are flagged as global.

            -a      all user symbols made global

                    All defined (not local or external)
                    variables and symbols are flagged
                    as global.

            -b      display .define substitutions in listing

                    If a .define substitution has been applied
                    to an assembler source line the source
                    line is printed with the substitution.

            -bb     and display without .define substitutions

                    If a .define substitution has been applied
                    to an assembler source line the source
                    line is first printed without substitution
                    followed by the line with the substitution.

            -j      enable NOICE debug symbols
            -y      enable SDCC debug symbols

            -l      create list   output file1.lst

                    If -s (symbol table output) is not
                    specified the symbol table is included
                    at the end of the listing file.

            -o      create object output file1.rel
            -s      create symbol output file1.sym

            -p      disable listing pagination
            -u      disable .list/.nlist processing
            -w      wide listing format for symbol table

            -z      disable case sensitivity for symbols

            -f      by  `   in the listing file
            -ff     by mode in the listing file

                    Relocatable modess are flagged by byte
                    position (LSB, Byte 2, Byte 3, MSB)
                    *nMN    paged,
                    uvUV    unsigned,
                    rsRS    signed,
                    pqPQ    program counter relative.

       The file name for the .lst, .rel, and .sym files is the first
    file name specified in the command line.  All output  files  are
    ascii  text  files which may be edited, copied, etc.  The output
    files are the concatenation of all the input files, if files are
    to  be  assembled  independently  invoke  the assembler for each
    file.

       The  .rel  file contains a radix directive so that the linker
    will use the proper conversion for this file.  Linked files  may
    have different radices.

##### Return to the Assembler Index

### ... Errors

####

       The  ASxxxx assemblers provide limited diagnostic error codes
    during the assembly process, these errors will be noted  in  the
    listing file and printed on the stderr device.

       The assembler reports the errors on the stderr device as

            ?ASxxxx-Error-<*> in line nnn of filename

    where  * is the error code, nnn is the line number, and filename
    is the source/include file.

       The errors are:

          (.)   This  error  is caused by an absolute direct assign-
                ment of the current location counter
                      . = expression (incorrect)
                rather than the correct
                      . = . + expression

          (a)   Indicates  a machine specific addressing or address-
                ing mode error.

          (b)   Indicates a direct page boundary error.

          (d)   Indicates a direct page addressing error.

          (e)   Caused by a .error or .assume directive.

          (i)   Caused  by  an  .include file error or an .if/.endif
                mismatch.

          (m)   Multiple  definitions  of  the  same label, multiple
                .module directives, or multiple  conflicting  attri-
                butes in an .area directive.

          (o)   Directive  or  mnemonic error or the use of the .org
                directive in a relocatable area.

          (p)   Phase error:  label location changing between passes
                2 and 3.  Normally caused by having  more  than  one
                level of forward referencing.

          (q)   Questionable syntax:  missing or improper operators,
                terminators, or delimiters.

          (r)   Relocation  error:   logic  operation attempted on a
                relocatable term, addition of two relocatable terms,
                subtraction  of two relocatable terms not within the
                same programming area or external symbols.

          (s)   String substitution / recursion error.

          (u)   Undefined symbol encountered during assembly.

          (z)   Divide by 0 or Modulus by 0 error:  result is 0.

##### Return to the Assembler Index

### ... Listing File

####

       The  (-l) option produces an ascii output listing file.  Each
    page of output contains a five line header:

         1.  The ASxxxx program name and page number

         2.  Assembler Radix and Address Bits

         3.  Title from a .title directive (if any)

         4.  Subtitle from a .sbttl directive (if any)

         5.  Blank line

    Each succeeding line contains five fields:

         1.  Error field (first two characters of line)

         2.  Current location counter

         3.  Generated code in byte format

         4.  Source text line number

         5.  Source text

       The error field may contain upto 2 error flags indicating any
    errors encountered while assembling this line of source code.

       The  current  location  counter  field  displays  the 16-bit,
    24-bit, or 32-bit program position.  This field will be  in  the
    selected radix.

       The generated code follows the program location.  The listing
    radix determines the number of bytes that will be  displayed  in
    this field.  Hexidecimal listing allows six bytes of data within
    the field, decimal and octal allow four bytes within the  field.
    If more than one field of data is generated from the assembly of
    a single line of source code, then the data field is repeated on
    successive lines.

       The source text line number is printed in decimal and is fol-
    lowed by the source text.  A Source line with a .page  directive
    is never listed.

       Two  additional options are available for printing the source
    line text.  If the -b option is specified then the listed source
    line  contains all the .define substitutions.  If the -bb option
    is specified then the original source line is printed before the
    source line with substitutions.

       Two  data  field  options  are  available to flag those bytes
    which will be relocated by the linker.   If  the  -f  option  is
    specified  then  each  byte to be relocated will be preceeded by
    the '`' character.  If the -ff option  is  specified  then  each
    byte  to  be relocated will be preceeded by one of the following
    characters:

         1.  *   paged relocation

         2.  u   low  byte of unsigned word or unsigned byte

         3.  v   high byte of unsigned word

         4.  p   PCR low  byte of word relocation or PCR byte

         5.  q   PCR high byte of word relocation

         6.  r   low  byte relocation or byte relocation

         7.  s   high byte relocation

       Assemblers  which  use 24-bit or 32-bit addressing use an ex-
    tended flagging mode:

         1.  *   paged relocation

         2.  u   1st  byte of unsigned value

         3.  v   2nd  byte of unsigned value

         4.  U   3rd  byte of unsigned value

         5.  V   4th  byte of unsigned value

         6.  p   PCR 1st  byte of relocation value or PCR byte

         7.  q   PCR 2nd  byte of relocation value

         8.  P   PCR 3rd  byte of relocation value

         9.  Q   PCR 4th  byte of relocation value

        10.  r   1st  byte of relocation value or byte relocation

        11.  s   2nd  byte of relocation value

        12.  R   3rd  byte of relocation value

        13.  S   4th  byte of relocation value

##### Return to the Assembler Index

### ... Symbol Table File

####

       The symbol table has two parts:

         1.  The alphabetically sorted list of symbols and/or labels
             defined or referenced in the source program.

         2.  A  list of the program areas defined during assembly of
             the source program.

       The sorted list of symbols and/or labels contains the follow-
    ing information:

         1.  Program  area  number (none if absolute value or exter-
             nal)

         2.  The symbol or label

         3.  Directly assigned symbol is denoted with an (=) sign

         4.  The  value of a symbol, location of a label relative to
             the program area base address (=0), or a ****  indicat-
             ing the symbol or label is undefined.

         5.  The  characters:   G - global, R - relocatable, and X -
             external.

       The list of program areas provides the correspondence between
    the program area numbers and the defined program areas, the size
    of the program areas, and the area flags (attributes).

##### Return to the Assembler Index

### ... Object File

####

#####

       The  object  file is an ascii file containing the information
    needed by the linker to bind multiple object modules into a com-
    plete  loadable  memory  image.   The object module contains the
    following designators:

            [XDQ][HL][234]
                    X       Hexidecimal radix
                    D       Decimal radix
                    Q       Octal radix

                    H       Most significant byte first
                    L       Least significant byte first

                    2       16-Bit Addressing
                    3       24-Bit Addressing
                    4       32-Bit Addressing

            H       Header
            M       Module
            G       Merge Mode
            B       Bank
            A       Area
            S       Symbol
            T       Object code
            R       Relocation information
            P       Paging information

       Refer to the linker for a detailed description of each of the
    designators and the format of the information contained  in  the
    object file.

      Return to the Assembler Index

####

... Exit the ASxxxx Documentation

... Home Page

######

Last Updated: January 2006