RUNOFF Revision Date: November 82 Program Version: M03.0 Document Revision November 1982 NOTICE: This document describes a program which the Digital Equip- ment Corporation has no committment to offer or support at this time. This document is, however, believed to be an accurate des- cription of RUNOFF. This version of RUNOFF is a major revision of the RNO working group version. The revisions essentially add a large number of features from DSR to RUNOFF while maintaining compatability. There are 3 known incompatible changes, to the .CENTER , .NUMBER, and .FOOTNOTE commands. The additions include the .REQUIRE command, overstrike capability, and escape sequence handling. A macro facility via the SUBSTITUTE flag has been added and permenant margins are also im- plemented. The permenant margins can cause incompatible output with respect to the headers if they are not set. In addition all FLAGS are redefinable and many can be enabled/disabled. The escape sequence handling has been designed to give the user the ability to define arbitrary sequences, and intermix them with standard RNO text. This is capable of handling any arbitrary printer. This should obsolete the RNO preprocessors now in use. Since both this version of RNO and the previous versions used ASCII non printing characters internally, including such characters in your input file could be disastrous. To prevent this all such characters with the exception of CR,LF,TAB are ignored. If you have any problems with this version I will be glad to answer your questions. I do not guarantee that a simple fix can be made, but since much dead wood has been pruned from this version, it may be easier to fix bugs. John Clement T. W. Bonner Nuclear Lab Rice University P.O. Box 1892 Houston, Tx, 77251 Tel (713) 669-8144 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION RUNOFF (RNO) is a PDP-11 program to facilitate the preparation of typed or printed manuscripts, such as memos, manuals, etc. The user prepares his material on any regular PDP-11 terminal, and writes it onto a file using an appropriate editor. The user in- cludes not only textual material, but also case and formatting in- formation. RUNOFF then takes the file and reproduces it onto the line printer, terminal or other file to produce a final copy or final file image. It performs the formatting and case shifting as directed, and will also perform line justification, page numbering and titling, etc., as desired. The principal benefit of such a program is that files prepared for use with it may be easily edited and corrected. Small or large am- ounts of material may be added or deleted, and unchanged material need not be retyped. After a set of changes, the program may be operated to produce a new copy which is properly paged and format- ted. Documentation may thus be updated as necessary without re- quiring extensive retyping. CHAPTER Ii RSX/IAS OPERATING PROCEDURES Ii.1 INITIATING RUNOFF RUNOFF can be initiated in several ways. The general formats for RSX-11 users are: General and Privileged Users MCR>RNO CR> MCR>RNO filespec Privileged User Only MCR>RUN ...RNO/UIC=[uic] MCR>RUN $RNO/UIC=[uic] Ii.2 RNO COMMAND STRING System programs usually require a command string to specify such things as input files and various options. A standard command string has one of the following forms: output-file=input-file or @command-file Both output-file and input-file are strings comprising a file spec- ification. The second form of command string (@command-file) is used to speci- fy an indirect command file. In this case each record of the file is used as a command string before any commands following the indi- rect command are accepted. The command string syntax is described more completely in the User's Guide for the relevant operating system. Ii.2.1 File specifications An RSX-11 file specification has the following form: Dev:[UIC]Filename.Typ;Ver In this specification Dev must be a legal device code. The default RSX/IAS OPERATING PROCEDURES PAGE 4 value is SY:, the system disk. UIC must be a valid User Identifi- cation Code. Filename is any 1- to 9-character alphanumeric string which specifies a file name. Typ is a 1- to 3-character alphanu- meric file type. System programs default to an appropriate stan- dard type so the typical user will not have to explicitly specify it. Finally, Ver is a number which is the version number of the file. This field also normally can be omitted since it defaults on input to the highest existing version number for the file and on output to the highest existing version number plus one. Default file specifications (any part of which may be overridden): Input: SY:RUNOFF.RNO Output: SY:RUNOFF.DOC Editing RUNOFF Output RUNOFF output files may not be edited normally with the standard RSX/IAS file editors. This version may produce editable output by using the /-CR switch, when the text is processed. If You do this /UL:L will not work proper- ly, but the output may easily be edited. Ii.2.2 RNO SWITCHES A file specification may have one or more switches associ- ated with it. A switch is an indicator, consisting of a slash and a two-character ASCII name, used to select program options. The switch itself may have three forms. If the switch designator, for example, is SW, then: /SW sets the switch action; /-SW negates the switch action, and /NOSW also negates the switch action. In addition the switch identifier may be followed by any number of values. The permitted values are ASCII strings numbers, and deci- mal numbers. Any numeric value may be preceded with a + or a - sign; The following are valid switch specifications. /SW:27:XXX:29 /-SW /NOSW:NOSWITCH:-50 RSX/IAS OPERATING PROCEDURES PAGE 5 Eleven switches control the RNO program. These switches, described below, may be specified on either the input or output file specifi- cation. the defaults may be set by the system manager at Task Build time. /SP -- Spool the output file /-SP -- Inhibit spooling of output file /UC -- Force ALL uppercase output /-UC -- Allow normal case conversion /FF -- Force Form-feeds (instead of multi-LFs) /-FF:n -- Simulate Form-feeds with Line-feeds n is paper length, default set by your system manager. /WA -- Wait for CR input at beginning of each page /-WA -- Continue printing each page with no wait /PA:l:h -- Output only indicated page range l = lowest page to print h = highest page to print default = print all | This switch should be used with the /AP,/CH | switches for chapter oriented text. | /CH:l:h -- Output only indicated chapter range. | /AP:l:h -- Output only indicated appendix range. /PS:H:W -- Set page size to H,W (height,width) Default is /PS:58:60 (See PAGE SIZE command) /HY -- Hyphenate output /-HY -- Do not hyphenate output /RI:n -- Right shift output. n=amount of shift /UL:B -- Underline with a spacing-backspace /UL:L -- Underline via line overprint with underline char- acter. /UL:S -- Simulate underline with hyphen character on next line. /UL:N -- Underlining suppressed. | /CR -- Output CR,LF in file. | /-CR -- Output regular text (No CR,LF). CHAPTER Iii SOURCE FILE FORMAT The source file contains the textual material which will appear on the final copy, plus information to specify formatting. Most im- portantly, upper and lower case information also may be supplied so that copy can be prepared on the terminal or other such device which can input only upper case letters. All command information consists of regular ASCII printing characters so that a listing of the source file may be examined if the final copy is not exactly as desired. All material in the source file is taken to be source text except those lines beginning with a period. A line beginning with a peri- od is assumed to be a command, and must match one of those listed in chapter 4. The commands provide the formatting information, and control various optional modes of operation. Usually the text is filled and justified as it is processed. That is, the program FILLS a line by adding successive words from the source text until one more word would cause the right margin to be exceeded. The line is then JUSTIFIED by making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line exactly meets the right mar- gin. The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text exact- ly, which is done by disabling filling and justification or by use of the LITERAL command. The program may be set to fill but not justify, in which case the output will be normal except that lines will not be justified to the right margin. The program may also be set to justify but not fill, although this would probably produce peculiar results and is not recommended. When the fill mode is on, spaces, and carriage returns occurring in the source text are treated only as word separators. Multiple sep- arators are ignored. In addition an extra space is added to punc- tuation occurring at the end of a sentence. Some of the commands cause a BREAK in the output. A break means that the current line is output without justification, and the next word goes at the beginning of the next line. This occurs at the end of paragraphs. The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing the title (if given) and the page number at the top of each page. The user may call explicitly for a page advance where desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a page advance within specified material. SOURCE FILE FORMAT page 7 Iii.1 CASE INFORMATION NOTE The following section explains how to change the case of the input text. If you have a terminal with a shift key you do not need to read this section. Specification of case for files prepared on the terminal is done with two characters, circumflex ( ^ ), and back-slash ( \ ). The appearance of a circumflex causes the letter immediately following to be transmitted in upper case. The appearance of a back-slash causes the letter immediately following to be converted to lower case. Any letter not preceeded by one of these characters is transmitted in the current mode. The mode is initially upper case, and is changed by the occurrance of two successive case control characters. Two circumflexes (^^) cause the mode to be set to upper case, and two back-slashes (\\) cause the mode to be set to lower case. When the text is in upper case mode (^^) the text is printed exact- ly as you typed it in. This means that no case conversion occurrs. If in lower case mode (\\) all text is converted to lower case ex- cept where explicitly specified as upper case by a single upper shift character (^). The following shows the uses of the case control characters: ^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\\ AND LOWER CASE. becomes: Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case. An additional character, less-than ( < ), capitalizes the entire word it precedes. It then returns the file to the current case. This character is not engaged unless preceded by the FLAGS CAPITAL- IZE command. If the capitalization character is engaged, you may capitalize a whole section of text by inserting ^< in front of the text and ^^ after the text. Similarly to the lower case lock a single character may be forced to lower case rather than upper case by preceeding it with (\). These case change control symbols always override the actual case of the input text and also the implied case of a command. For ex- ample the command .HEADER LEVEL would normally produce a capital- ized title for level number 1. This may be changed by preceeding the title with \\ to force it to lower case. SOURCE FILE FORMAT page 8 Iii.2 SPECIAL CHARACTERS & Ampersand Underscoring The character ampersand ( & ) is used to specify underscoring. The ampersand will cause the character following it to be un- derscored, e.g. &f&o&o becomes foo. To begin underscoring a --- whole section of text you preceed the section by ^& and follow the section by \&. Any spaces in the section will not be un- derscored. To underscore a single space preceed it by &. Text with imbedded spaces may be underlined spaces and all by issuing the command .UNDERLINE SPACES. # Number Sign Explicit space It is occasionally necessary to include spaces in the text which should not be treated as word separators. For this pur- pose, RUNOFF treats the number-sign character ( # ) as a quot- ed space; i.e. it will print as exactly one space in the output, will never be expanded nor changed to a carriage re- turn. _ Underline Quote or Accept character To allow the appearance of the special characters (ampersand, number-sign, circumflex, or back-slash) in the output, the un- derscore character ( _ ) is used as a quote character. The character immediately following an underscore will be transmitted to the output with no formatting effect. The un- derscore itself is thus another case requiring quoting. The following five cases occur: _&, _^, _\, __, _$, _|, _=, _%, _<, and _#. ^ Circumflex Upper-case shift or mode lock As described above, the circumflex character (^) is used to convert the letter following to upper-case. It is also used to lock the case mode in upper case, and the underline mode to "underline all text". If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the quote character (_^). \ Backslash Lower-case shift or mode unlock As described above, the backslash character (\) is used to output the letter following in lower-case. It is also used to lock the case mode in lower-case, and to disable underlining. If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the quote character (_\). < Less-than Capitalize next word If FLAGS CAPITALIZE has been engaged, the less-than character (<) is a special character used to capitalize the entire word it precedes. If it is to appear in the printed text, it must | be preceded by the quote character (_<). An appearance of a SOURCE FILE FORMAT page 9 | circumflex followed by less than ( ^< ) permanently locks Ru- | noff into capitalize mode. This may be cancelled by a double | circumflex ( ^^ ). = Equals-sign Hypenate character If FLAGS HYPHENATE has been engaged, the equals character (=) used to disable automatic hyphenation for the word it preceeds. If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be | preceded by the quote character (_=). If it is used in the | middle of a word, the automatic hyphenation is not used, and | instead the equals sign marks where hyphenation may occurr. | % Percent sign Overstrike character | If FLAGS OVERSTRIKE has been engaged, the percent character | ( % ) will generate a backspace to allow overstriking the pre- | vious character to form new composite characters. When over- | triking is enabled, this character must be preceeded by the | quote character. The default is NO FLAGS OVERSTRIKE. | Multiple backspaces may be generated, but you should be care- | ful since the characters following the multiple backspace can | cause unpredictable results if they are not printable char- | acters. | . Period Control character | This flag marks the rest of a line as a control or command if | it appears at the beginning of a line. | $ Dollar sign Substitute character | If FLAGS SUBSTITUTE has been enabled then the dollar sign | marks the beginning of a substitution label. Runoff will then | substitute some specified text for the label. The text may be | specified by the DEFINE SUBSTITUTE command. | | Vertical bar Break character | If FLAGS BREAK is enabled this character marks where a word or | expression may be broken. A word containing a break will not | be hyphenated, by will be broken if necessary. NOTE | All of these flags may be disabled by a .NO FLAGS | command. They may be enabled and changed to a dif- | ferent character by a .FLAGS command. For example | if you use the equals sign frequently you may change | it to the double quotes which you never use by | entering the following line. | .FLAGS HYPHENATION " CHAPTER Iv RUNOFF COMMANDS The following commands will be recognized if they are at the begin- ning of a line started with a period. Any line in the source file beginning with a period is assumed to be one of these commands. If it is not, an error diagnostic will be typed and the line will be ignored. Some commands take one or more decimal numeric arguments. These are separated from the command by a space. Multiple argu- ments may be separated by spaces,tabs, or commas. If the argument is preceeded by a minus sign (-) then it may be entered as a nega- tive value. If it is preceeded by +- then it may be a relative ar- gument. A relative argument changes the old value by the + or - value specified. More than one command may be entered on a single line. The com- mands may be optionally separated by a semicolon (;). If the semi- colon is used as a separator the next command must immediately fol- low with no intervening spaces. Commands which are followed by text may be the last command on a line, but may not have other com- mands after them on the same line. For example the following line is a legal set of commands all on 1 line: .TP 10.Fill;.EH.Title GONE WITH THE WIND Multi-word commands may appear in any form. Thus, .NO HEADER and .NOHEADER are both legal. Many commands may be abbreviated. Standard abbreviations are given below each command. Commands may have text following them provided the text is separat- ed from the command by a semicolon (;). For example the following line will produce a centered title. .C; THIS IS A TITLE The semicolon is essentially a separator which indicates that the rest of the line is to be treated just as if a new line had begun. Square are [] brackets are used to denote optional syntax elements. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 11 Iv.1 TEXT FORMATTING .BREAK .BR causes a break, i.e. the current line will be output with no justification, and the next word of the source text will be placed at the beginning of the next line. .SKIP [-n] .S [-n] causes a BREAK after which n is multiplied by the number of spaces between lines. The result is the number of lines skipped. Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no room on the current page. If the current page is empty, SKIP does nothing. The n can also have a negative value. Negative values indicate skips to n lines from the bottom of the page. .BLANK [-n] .B -[n] causes the current line to be output with no justification, skips n line spaces, and then starts output of the current source text. BLANK is like SKIP, except that the space to be left is independent of line spacing. If the page is empty, BLANK does nothing. n can be negative to move to n lines from the end of the page. .FIGURE n .FG n leaves n lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram. If fewer than n lines remain on the current page, the page is ad- vanced and n blank lines are left at the top of the next page. .INDENT -n .I -n causes a BREAK and sets the next line to begin n spaces to the right of the left margin. The n can be negative to allow be- ginning a line to the left of the left margin. However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0. If n is not sup- plied, the current paragraph indent is used. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 12 .PARAGRAPH [-n], [v], [t] .P [-n], [v], [t] CAUSES A BREAK and formats the output paragraphs. The n is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces the para- graph is to be indented. The default value for n is 5 (n can also have a negative value). v is the vertical spacing between paragraphs. v can range from 0 to 5. (1 is single spacing, 2 is double spacing, etc.) t causes an automatic TEST PAGE (see the TEST PAGE command). | .CENTER [LINE][+-n] | .CENTRE [+-n] | .C [LINE] [+-n] | causes a BREAK and centers the following line of text in the | source file. The centering is halfway between the right and | left margins if n is not specified. If n is specified as an | absolute argument (no sign) then the centering is over column | n. If n is a relative argument the centering is over the de- | fault center plus the relative value of n. NOTE | The definition of n differs from the previous ver- | sion of RUNOFF. | .CENTER TEXT [+-n] | .C TEXT [+-n] | centers the following lines of text until a .END CENTER com- | mand. This differs from .CENTER LINE in that it centers more | than 1 line of text. Centering automatically prevents filling | or justification. The argument n has the same meaning as for | CENTER LINE. | .END CENTER | .ECN | stops centering the text. This must be given only after a | .CENTER TEXT command. | .RIGHT [-n] | .R [-n] | places the following text flush with the right margin if n is | zero or unspecified. If n is specified the text is placed n | spaces to the left of the margin (n positive) or n to the | right (n negative). RUNOFF COMMANDS page 13 | .FOOTNOTE | .FN | saves lines at the bottom of the current page for a footnote. If insufficient room remains on the current page, space is al- located at the bottom of the following page. The text of the footnote should begin on the line following the FOOTNOTE com- mand. Indentation, case lock, justify, margins, spacing, bar, and fill are preserved around footnotes. However, commands that affect page formatting are illegal in a footnote. Tab stops are illegal because they are not preserved. A footnote within a footnote is also illegal. | .END FOOTNOTE | .EFN | ends the footnote. The previous version of RUNOFF used an | exclamation point ( ! ) to do this. The exclamation point is | not supported in this version. .NOTE text .NT text starts an indented note. This command BLANKs 2, reduces both margins, centers the text (if no text is given, it centers the word "NOTE"), and then BLANKS 1. At this point you enter the text of the note. If the left margin is at 0, the margin re- duction is 15, otherwise it is 5. .END NOTE .EN terminates the NOTE command, BLANKs 2, and reverts the margins and spacing modes to their settings before the last NOTE com- mand. .LIST n .LS n starts an indented numbered list with n spacing, moves the left margin 9 spaces to the right for the first LIST command, | and 4 more spaces for each subsequent nested LIST. The n | specified in the .LIST command produces n blank spaces before | each list element in the current list. If the spacing is set | to other than single spacing the actual number of blank lines | is n times the spacing. If n is omitted the current paragraph | spacing is used. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 14 .LIST ELEMENT .LE starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the LIST comand. If you want to type the text on the same line as the command, you must separate the text from the command with any number of intervening spaces or tabs, or (optionally) one sem- | icolon. Each list element produces a number followed by the | text. The first list element is numbered 1 the second 2 and | so on. Each number is normally followed by a decimal point | ( . ) and 2 spaces. If you prefer letters, roman numerals or | some character other than the decimal point see .DISPLAY ELE- | MENTS. The text lines up with the current left margin and the | numbers are placed 4 spaces to the left of the new left mar- | gin. The numbers will not be placed to the left of the perme- | nant left margin. If you want the numbers lined up on the | left margin with the text indented, you may do this by issuing | .LM after the .LS command to reset the left margin back to the | permenant left margin. A .TEST PAGE is taken for each list | element according to the value set in the last .PARAGRAPH or | .SET PARAGRAPH command. | .END LIST n | .ELS n | Terminate the .LIST command and returns the settings to the | same as for the last .LIST command. The optional value n sets | the spacing at the end of the current list. If none is sup- | plied the current paragraph spacing is used. LAST LIST com- mand. .COMMENT text .; text causes the line to be ignored. The text is not printed in the output Iv.2 PAGE FORMATTING .PAGE .PG causes a BREAK and an advance to a new page. If the current page is empty, this command does not advance the page. Just like an automatic page advance, this command prints the title (if given) and page numbers on every page. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 15 .TEST PAGE n .TP n causes a BREAK followed by a conditional page advance. It skips to the next page if fewer than n lines are left on the page. This capability is to ensure that the following n lines are all output on the same page. .CHAPTER [text] .CH [text] starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter. This command acts as if the following command string were entered: .BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n .TITLE text The n is incremented by 1 automatically. After the CHAPTER n is typed on the page, .BLANK 2;.CENTER; text; .BLANK 3 occurs. This command then resets the case, margins, spacing, and justify/fill modes. It also clears any subtitles and sets the chapter name as the title. The title will appear in CAPS unless it contains a shift down (\\). RUNOFF COMMANDS page 16 | .DISPLAY NUMBER [format] | .DNM [format] | controls the format of the page numbers as they are printed at | the top of the page. The default is decimal. | .DISPLAY CHAPTER [format] | .DCH [format] | controls the format of the chapter numbers as they are print- | ed. The default is decimal. | .DISPLAY APPENDIX [format] | .DAX [format] | controls the format of the appendix number. The default is | uppercase letters. | .DISPLAY SUBPAGE [format] | .DSP [format] | controls the format of the subpage number. It is normally up- | percase letters. | format Description ------ ----------- | D Decimal numbers | LU Letters uppercase | LL Letters lowercase | LM Letters mixed (first is uppercase) | RU Roman numerals uppercase | RL Roman lowercase | RM Roman mixed | .DISPLAY LEVELS [fm1],[fm2],[fm3],[fm4],[fm5],[fm6] | .DSP [fm1],[fm2],[fm3],[fm4],[fm5],[fm6] | sets the header level numbers to be displayed in the selected | format. fm1 to fm6 are format codes for LEVELS 1 to 6. | .DISPLAY ELEMENTS ["l"] [format] ["r"] | .DLE ["l"] [format] ["r"] | this command sets the format of the current LIST element. The | "l" and "r" are the left and right characters to put around | the list number. See .LIST, .LIST ELEMENT, .END LIST for ex- planations of the list elements. The optional characters may be delimited by either quotes ["] or a pair of apostrophes [']. The default format is " ",D,".". RUNOFF COMMANDS page 17 .NUMBER [PAGE] [+-n] | .NMPG [+-N] starts page numbering. This is the default so there is no re- ason to issue this command unless page numbering is disen- gaged. If resumption of page numbering is desired at a cer- | tain page, specify n as the next page number. N may also be a | string of up to 3 letters. If you wish to skip several pages | for inserting diagrams, artwork or any other items which re- | quire a full pages, you may do so by issuing the following | commands: | .NUMBER PAGE +n .PAGE | The next page number will be the current page number +n. The | page number is normally right justified with respect to the | permenant right margin. See the .PAGE SIZE command. .NO NUMBER .NNM disengages page numbering. However, pages continue to be counted, so that the normal page number can appear if page numbering is re-entered with the NUMBER command. | .NUMBER SUBPAGE [+-n] | .NMSPG [+-n] | starts the next page as subpage number n or letter n where n | is the subpage letter. .NUMBER CHAPTER [+-n] | .NMCH [+-N] supplies a number (n) to be used in a subsequent CHAPTER com- mand. NUMBER CHAPTER would be used when a chapter of a docu- ment occupies a source file of its own. In such a case, | NUMBER CHAPTER would be the first command of the source file. | n may also be a letter. This would also be used if you wish | to skip a chapter for insertion later on. To skip chapters | specify +n. This command also enables chapter numbering. | When chapter numbering is in effect each .CHAPTER or .APPENDIX | command resets the page number to 1 and the chapter or appen- | dix number are printed with the page number as part of the | page header. This is the normal RUNOFF mode. | .NO NUMBER CHAPTER | disables chapter numbering. When it is disabled, the page | numbers are not reset with each chapter or appendix, and the | chapter/appendix number is not printed as part of the header. | .NUMBER APPENDIX [+-n] | supplies a number or letter to be used as the letter for a | subsequent APPENDIX command. N may also be a letter. See | NUMBER PAGE. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 18 .HEADER LEVEL [+-n] text .HL [+-n] text starts a section at the level specified and takes the follow- ing text as the header. n can range from 1 to 6. The sec- tions are incremented by 1 automatically, and the number is output in the form i.j.k.l.m. If this is a chapter oriented document, the i is the chapter number. Otherwise, it is the number of the .HL 1 level. This command acts as a .BREAK;.TEST PAGE 7;.BLANK 2 followed by the section number, two spaces, and the section | name. if the level number is preceeded by + or - the current | level number is the previous one + or - the value specified. | LEVEL 1 capitalizes the section name and separates it from the | the rest of the text by putting it on a separate | line. | LEVEL 2 only separates the section name from the rest of the | text by a break. | LEVELS 3,4,5 run the title and following text together and the | title and text are separated by a single dash. | If the title is too long to fit on 1 line it is | filled, justified, and continued on the next line | indented to line up with the first part of the | title. Autohyphenation is not performed on header | titles. | .STYLE HEADERS [n1],[n2],[n3],[n4],[n5],[n6],[n7],[n8],[n9] | .STHL [n1],[n2],[n3],[n4],[n5],[n6],[n7],[n8],[n9] | controls the formats of the header levels. The initial de- | fault is in (). | n1 = The lowest level at which text starts on same line as | title. (3) | n2 = The lowest level with title capitalized. (1) | n3 = The higest level with first letter of title in CAPS. (6) | n4 = Lowest level with no level number. (7) | n5 = Lowest level with centered title and number. If the | title and text are on the same line no centering occurrs. (7) | n6 = The number of blank lines before the header. (2) | n7 = The number of blank lines after the title. (1) | n8 = The implicit test page value (7) | n9 = Number spaces between section number and title. (2) .TITLE [text] .T [text] takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on every | page at line 0. The title is normally left justified with | respect to the permenant left margin. See the .page size com- | mand. the page number which is printed for every page except | number 1 is right justified with respect to the permenant | right margin. the permenant margins allow different margins | for the headers than for the text. titles and subtitles may | not contain underline flags, or escape flags. titles are pro- duced by this command, .FIRST TITLE, .CHAPTER, or .APPENDIX RUNOFF COMMANDS page 19 commands. | .NO TITLE | prevents printing either the title or subtitle at the top of | the page. The title print is reinstated by the .TITLE com- | mand. .FIRST TITLE [text] .FT [text] Same as TITLE , but used to specify the title to be printed on the first page of the document. This command must precede all text in the source file. Use of the FIRST TITLE command is the only way to print a title line and page number on the first page of the document. If the title is blank only the page number will be printed. The page number is also sup- pressed for page number 1. This command is equivalent to: .HEADER .TITLE [ text ] .SUBTITLE [text] .ST [text] takes the remaining text as the subtitle and outputs it on | every page. It appears directly under the title. The subti- | tle is aligned on the same margin as the title. The subtitle | is not printed if the .NO TITLE command is in force. | .LAYOUT code [,spacing] | .LO code [,spacing] | changes the layout of the title and page numbers on the page. | The spacing is the number of blank lines between the last line | on the page and the page number. If the code is 0 then you | must not specify the spacing. The codes are: | CODE PAGE LAYOUT ---- ---- ------ | 0 Title flush left, page number flush right | 1 Title centered ,Page number centered at bottom | 2 Title flush left odd page ,Title flush right even page | ,Page number centered at bottom | 3 Title flush left Page number centered at bottom | 4 Title top left, Page bottom right | 5 Tilte top center, page number bottom right | 6 Title top center, page number bottom right for odd | numbers, left for even | 7 Title top, page bottom, both right for odd numbers, | left for even | The default is code 0. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 20 .INDEX [text] .X [text] takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword and adds it, along with the current page number, to the internal index buffer. The command does not cause a break. If in FILL mode the index command must appear immediately after the keyword to be indexed. If you are in NO FILL mode the index command must appear immediately after the line containing the index item. If the line is broken because it is too long the index page number may be incorrect. Overstriking, substitution, and es- cape sequences are not allowed in index keywords. A given keyword may be indexed more than once. This does not automat- ically cause all occurrences of this keyword to be indexed. If you wish to automatically index all occurrences of a key- word you may do this by using an appropriate editor to do this. The editor must search for the keyword, form a new line after the keyword and insert .X keyword on the new line. The index facility is intended to produce indexes not concor- dances. .DO INDEX [text] .DX [text] forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise it centers the word " INDEX ". This command prints the entire contents of the index buffer. Entries are printed in alpha- | betic order and are set against the left margin. Regular line | spacing is used, except that a new paragraph is formed between | entries with different first letter. The entries of different | first letter may be separated by non zero paragraph spacing, | and orphan lines at the end of the page are prevented by the | paragraph test page value. The paragraph indentation is used | to indent extra page numbers which can not fit on the line | with the index entry. | If both FILL and JUSTIFY are enabled the entry is followed by | ellipses ( . . .) and the page numbers are printed right | justified with respect to the current right margin. If FILL | is disabled the ellipses are omitted. If JUSTIFY is disabled | the page numbers will start 5 spaces after the index entry, | and no justification will occurr. .PRINT INDEX .PX forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents of the index buffer. The format of the index is the same as for .DO INDEX except that the word INDEX is not printed at the top of the first page. .PRINT INDEX and .DO INDEX perform the same task. The only difference is that .PRINT INDEX does not interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 21 .SUBPAGE .SPG executes a PAGE with page numbering suspended. The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to the page number. This permits insertion of additional pages within an existing document without changing the existing page number- ing. .END SUBPAGE .ES disengages the SUBPAGE command and starts a new page. Normal page numberins is resumed. .APPENDIX [text] .AX [text] starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the ap- pendix. This command acts as if the following command string were entered: .BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX a The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automati- cally. After the APPENDIX A is typed on the page, .BLANK 2;.CENTER; text; .BLANK 3 occurs. This command then resets the case, margins, spacing, and justify/fill modes. It also clears any subtitles and sets the appendix name as the title. .HEADER causes the page header (title, subtitle, and page number) to be printed. .HEADER UPPER causes the page number to be printed in caps. .HEADER MIXED sets the page number to lower case with the first letter capi- talized. .HEADER LOWER causes the page number to be printed only in lower case letters. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 22 .NO HEADER .NHD causes the page header (title, subtitle, and page number) to be omitted. The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the top margin where the header would normally | start. The first page of output from RNO is formatted as if | the .NO HEADER command had been issued, while subsequent pages | are formatted as if the .HEADER command had been issued. This | may be changed by issuing these commands explicitly before any | text on the first page. | .HEADER PAGE | sets RUNOFF to print the word PAGE in front of the page | number. This is the initial or default option. | .HEADER NO PAGE | set RUNOFF to print only the page number without the word PAGE | in front of it. | .HEADER SPACING [n] | sets the spacing between the title and the first line of text. | The value n is the number of lines to skip. If n is not spec- | ified then the current spacing per line of text is used as the | default. The initial setting is 3. The minimum value for n | is 1 and if 0 is specified the value of 1 is assumed. RUNOFF COMMANDS page 23 | .LOCK | this command locks a number of page formatting parameters. | While locked these parameters can not be changed. Essentially | all commands that change the page format are locked. The fol- | lowing commands will give error messages if issued after a | .LOCK command: | .PAGE SIZE .TOP MARGIN .STYLE HEADERS | .HEADER UPPER .HEADER LOWER .HEADER MIXED | .HEADER PAGE .HEADER NO PAGE .HEADER SPACING | .NO NUMBER .NO NUMBER CHAPTER | .NO TITLE .DISPLAY (all commands) | In addition the .NUMBER CHAPTER will not reinstate chapter | numbering, and .NUMBER PAGE will not reinstate page numbering. | This is intended to facilitate merging several files into 1 | document. You first set up all the parameters mentioned above | and then lock them. If you still have page formatting com- | mands in the rest of the document they will not be obeyed. | This will produce a uniform document with all the same format. Iv.3 MODE SETTING .ENABLE BAR .EBB Causes change bars to be enabled. This causes output to be shifted to the right 3 columns to make room for the potential change bar. This is usually done at the start of a doucument and is disabled, if ever, only at page breaks. .DISABLE BAR .DBB Causes change bar mode to be disabled. If this is done at all, it is usually only at page breaks. .BEGIN BAR .BB Causes the change bar range to start. .END BAR .EB Causes the change bar range to end. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 24 .JUSTIFY .J Causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justi- fied (initial setting). The command increases the spaces between words until the last word exactly meets the right mar- gin. .NO JUSTIFY .NJ Causes a break and prevents justification of subsequent output lines to make a ragged right margin. .FILL .F Causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be filled (inital setting). Sets the justification mode to be that specified by the last appearance of JUSTIFY or NOJUSTIFY. FILL adds successive words from the source text until the ad- ding of one more word will exceed the right margin. It stops before putting the last word in. (If hyphenation has not been disabled, RNO will attempt to break words which cause line overflow into syllables.) .NO FILL .NF disengages the FILL and JUSTIFY modes. This command is used to permit typing a table. NOTE 1. The nofill-nojustify mode need be used only where there are several lines of material to be copied ex- actly. A single line example will not require using these commands if there are breaks before and after. 2. Normally FILL and NOFILL are used to turn both filling and justification on and off. It is usually desirable to do both. A subsequent appearance of a justification command will override the fill command however. 3. Because of the action of FILL, a single occur- rance of NOJUSTIFY will cause the remainder of the file to be unjustified, with filling as specified. In order to justify but not fill (not recommended), a JUSTIFY command must follow every NOFILL command. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 25 .UPPER CASE .UC sets the output mode to upper case. This comand acts the same as typing two circumflexes (). This is the default mode. There is no need to type this command unless the mode was pre- viously altered to lower case. .LOWER CASE .LC sets the typeout mode to lower case. This command acts the same as typing two backslashes (). RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 26 Iv.4 FLAGS | .FLAGS CAPITALIZE [new flag] | .FL CAPITALIZE [new flag] enables the less-than (<) character to capitalize the entire word it precedes. It then returns the file to the current case mode. This special character is usually off and must be typed at the very beginning of the source text to enable this | character. Typing a space returns the file to the current | case lock. The flag command can be followed by a character to | be used instead of the less-than (<). (^<) may be used as a | permanent shift to upper case only. (^^) will then cancel | this mode. .NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE .NFC disengages the FLAG CAPITALIZE command (inital setting). | .FLAGS UPPERCASE [new flag] | .FL UPPERCASE [new flag] | enables the circumflex (^) to engage upper case shift. When | this is enabled the ^ will cause the next character to be cap- | italized, and ^^ turns off the lower case lock. If the cir- | cumflex is used extensively in the text an alternate character | may be specified. This FLAG is normally enabled when RUNOFF | starts. This flag is also used as a function lock. For exam- | ple preceeding ... ampersand ( For example putting a circum- | flex in front of an ampersand (^&) will lock underlining on to | allow underling lines of text. | .NO FLAGS UPPERCASE | .NFL UPPERCASE | disables the UPPERCASE FLAG. The ^ will then not shift text | to uppercase. | enables the overstrike flag (%) to allow backspacing to over- | strike the previous character. This allows formation of com- | posite characters to approximate scientific symbols or add di- | acritical marks for foreign languages. A different character | other than % may be assigned to this flag. | .NO FLAGS OVERSTRIKE | .NFL OVERSTRIKE | disables the overstrike flag (%). This is the mode RUNOFF | normally starts in, so if you wish to use this flag it must be | enabled. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 27 | .FLAGS ACCEPT [new flag] | .FL ACCEPT [new flag] | enables recognition of the underscore (_) to allow printing | other character that are reserved to flags. This is normally | enabled, but may be disabled by .NO FLAGS ACCEPT. The under- | score may be replaced by another character to use for this | flag. | .NO FLAGS ACCEPT | .NFL ACCEPT | disables the use of (_) as an accept flag, so that it may be | used as a normal character in the text. | .FLAGS SPACE [new flag] | .FL SPACE [new flag] | enables the number (#) sign as a quoted non expandable space. | Every time the # appears in the text RUNOFF changes it to a | space, but only 1 space even if FILL is enabled. A different | character may be assigned to this function when it is enabled. | This flag is normally enabled. | .NO FLAGS SPACE | .NFL SPACE | disables the space flag (#), thus allowing the # to be used in | the text without explicitly quoting or accepting it. | .FLAGS HYPHENATE [new flag] | .FL HYPHENATE [new flag] enables the equals character (=) to disengage hyphenization | for the word it preceeds, or specify where rno may hyphenate | inside a word. This special character is initially off and must be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this character. The FLAGS HYPHENATE character is used to di- sengage hyphenization for words improperly hyphenated by the hyphenation algorithm. Disengages the FLAGS HYPHENATE command (initial setting). | .FLAGS BREAK [new flag] | .FL BREAK [new flag] | enables the break flag (|) or vertical bar. This flag is used | to mark where a word or expression may be broken. The expres- | sion will only be broken there if it would otherwise exceed | the right margin. Normally this flag is not enabled. | .NO FLAGS BREAK | .NFL BREAK | disables the break flag. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 28 | .FLAGS SUBSTITUTE [new flag] | .FL SUBSTITUTE | enables the dollar sign ($) as a substitution flag. The dol- | lar sign then marks the start of a label which defines a sub- | stitution. | .NO FLAGS SUBSTITUTE | .NFL SUBSTITUTE disables the dollar sign as a substitute flag. | This flag is normally disabled. | .FL ALL | .FL | turns on all flags that have been previously enabled. This is | analogous to a master switch which turns on all other | switches. | .NO FLAGS ALL | .NFL ALL | .NFL | turns off all flags. They can only be enabled again by .FLAGS | ALL This will not turn off the CONTROL FLAG. | .FLAGS CONTROL [new flag] | .FL CONTROL [new flag] | allows you to specify a new CONTROL flag. Normally it is a | period (.). This is the code which appears at the start of a | line to signal a command. | .NO FLAGS CONTROL | .NFL CONTROL | disables recognition of the CONTROL flag. Once this command | has been issued you can no longer give any commands including | .FLAGS CONTROL. So this is a non reversable command. | .FLAGS ESCAPE [escape flag] | .FL ESCAPE | enables the escape sequence flags. This allows you to issue | special control codes (escape sequences) to the printer to | perform a variety of functions. In addition you must ENABLE | ESCAPE to actually output the contol codes. Normally the es- | cape flag is disabled. The escape flag defines a flag symbol | for the escape sequence. Escape sequences can be defined for | the circumflex (^), back slash (\), and an escape character of | your choice. To define escape sequences you must use .DEFINE | ESCAPE. | .NO FLAGS ESCAPE | .NFL ESCAPE | disables the recognition of the escape sequence flags. This | is the normal default. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 29 .FLAGS UNDERLINE [new flag] .FL UNDERLINE [new flag] enables recognition of the underline flag (&). This is the default so you do not normally have to do this. .NO FLAGS UNDERLINE [new flag] .NFL UNDERLINE [new flag] disables recognition of the underline flag. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 30 Iv.5 ENABLE/DISABLE NOTE | The following commands can be confused with the | FLAGS commands, but they are very different. The | FLAGS command enables recognition of special char- | acters or combinations of characters. The enable | command enables the action which that character re- | quests. For example you may enable the overstrike | flag by .FLAGS OVERSTRIKE. The percent sign ( % ) | will then cause overstriking and will not appear in | the text. If you then issue the command | .DISABLE OVERSTRIKING the percent sign will still | not appear in the text, unless quoted, but no over- | striking will occurr. | .ENABLE HYPHENATION | .EHY | enables hyphenation. While hyphenation is enabled RUNOFF will | automatically to hyphenate words at the end of an output line. | User defined hyphenation via the hyphenate flag character | [ = ] may also be used. RUNOFF will never hyphenate a word | containing escape sequences or unknown punctuation. Currently | the only punctuation marks considered valid within a word are: | / \ . , ( ) " @ | For example words containing hyphens are never hyphenated. | Such words may be optionally broken by using the break char- | acter. | .DISABLE HYPHENATION | .DHY | disables hyphenation of text. Neither automatic nor user se- | lected hyphenation will occurr. | .ENABLE INDEXING | .EIX | enables collecting and printing of index entries. This is the | default. | .DISABLE INDEXING | .DIX | disables or stops indexing. | .ENABLE OVERSTRIKING | .EOV RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 31 | enables overstriking by means of the overstrike character | [ % ]. Overstriking is normally enabled, but the flag is dis- | abled. | .DISABLE OVERSTRIKING | .DOV | disables overstriking. | .ENABLE UNDERLINING | .EUN | enable underlining using the underline character [ & ]. This | is the default. | .DISABLE UNDERLINING | .DUN | disables underlining. | .ENABLE ESCAPE | .EES | enables output of escape sequences. The escape sequence flags | will be recognized, but not executed while disabled. This is | the default. | .ENABLE SUBSTITUTION | enables substitutions. This is the normal default. | .DISABLE SUBSTITUTION | disables output of substitutions. If the substitute flag is | engaged, the substitution will be recognized, but no substitu- | tion will be made. | .DISABLE ESCAPE | .DES | disables output of escape sequences. .PERIOD .PR enables printing of two spaces after every punctuation that is followed by at least one separator character (initial set- ting). The legal punctuations are: . ; : ? ! .NO PERIOD .NPR disengages conversion of punctuation/separator to punctuation/two spaces. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 32 .LITERAL .LT | turns off all flags and all features to permit printing of | text exactly as it appears in the source file. In addition | all commands are disabled except for .END LITERAL. Commands | appear in the output as if they were normal text. .END LITERAL .ELI | is used at the end of a LITERAL to allow normal text process- | ing again. | .UNDERLINE SPACES | sets RUNOFF to underline the spaces imbedded in a line of text | to be underlined. | .UNDERLINE NO SPACES | set RUNOFF to not underline spaces imbedded in a line of text. | This is the normal option. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 32A Iv.6 DEFINE / RESET | | .DEFINE ESCAPE [escape sequence definition] | defines non printing escape sequences for control of a variety | of printers. Each escape sequence is indicated in the text by | either \ or ^ or a symbol of your choice followed by another | symbol. For example ^* can enable bolding by issuing a se- | quence to turn on bolding and \* may disable bolding by issu- | ing a turn off sequence. The escape sequence is entered as | follows. First you select which 2 character sequence you de- | sire as the flag sequence. The first character must be either | ^,\, or your flag character, while the second one may be any | other character. Your flag character is defined by the .FLAGS | ESCAPE command. Then following this the escape sequence is | entered. Printable characters may be entered as literals | ('This is a literl'), while non printable must be entered as a | decimal value. The following example shows the definition of | an escape sequence to turn on bolding, and turn off bolding | for a FLORIDA DATA printer. | .DEFINE ESCAPE '^*',33,'W' | .DEFINE ESCAPE '\*',33,'&' | The literals may be enclosed in either single (') or double | (") quotes. If a literal is started by a single quote it must | be terminated by a single quote, but it may contain a double | quote. Similarly a literal enclosed in double quotes may con- | tain a single quote. The numbers and literals may be separat- | ed by blanks,tabs, and or commas. Two commas in a row consti- | tute a null and are illegal. If you define an escape sequence | twice in your text only the first definition will be obeyed | unless you reset escape before the second one. The second es- | cape sequence will be entered in the table, thus decreasing | the available dynamic memory. NOTE | Escape sequences are output without any interpreta- | tion. If the sequence leaves the carriage of your | printer on a different column than before, the out- | put line will not fill or justify properly. | Similarly any net vertical movement while not as | serious, is not accounted for. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 32B | .RESET ESCAPE | resets all escape sequences. This clears the table of escape | sequences so you may enter a new one by using .DEFINE ESCAPE. | .RESET SUBSTITUTE | resets the table of substitutions so that all the previous | ones no longer exist. | .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /label/ text | defines a substitution to be made in the text. The label is | preceeded and followed by a delimiter of your choice. The | label must be no more than 10 characters long and may not con- | tain spaces or tabs. The command and the first delimiter must | be separated by one or more spaces or tabs, but no spaces are | necessary after the second delimiter unless you wish to in- | clude them in the text. When the substitute flag is encoun- | tered in your text followed by a defined label, the specified | text will be substituted for the flag+label. The text may | contain another substitution. Up to 3 levels of substitution | may be nested. The rules for multiple definitions of escape | sequences also apply to substitutions. In addition you must | be careful about the order in which you define substitutions. | If you desire 2 names $A and $AB you must define $AB before $A | otherwise when the substitution table is searched $A will al- | ways be used instead of $AB. A simple way out of this problem | would be to define all substitutions with a final delimter | such as $. So instead of defining $A and $AB you define $A$ | and $AB$. This has the nice feature of setting off the name | with a pair of dollar signs. | EXAMPLE: You wish to abbreviate the phrase: | The party of the first part | So you define and enable substitution: | .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /P1$/The party of the first part | .FLAGS SUBSTITUTE | Then every time you type into the text $P1$ you get instead | the substitute phrase. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 33 Iv.7 MISC COMMANDS | .REQUIRE 'filename' | .REQ 'filename' | takes the input text from the specified file. The .REQUIRE | command may be imbedded in files which have been required. | The required files may be nested until 5 input files are open | at once. An attempt to require a sixth level of input will | cause an error. The default filetype is .RNO. The filename | may be enclosed in either single (') or double (") quotes. If | any commands follow this command on the same line, they will | be ignored. Iv.8 PARAMETER SETTING .LEFT MARGIN [+-n] .LM [+-n] sets the left margin to n. The n must be less than the right | margin but not less than 0. The initial setting is 0. If n | is not supplied, the permenant margin is used. .RIGHT MARGIN [+-n] .RM [+-n] sets the right margin n. The n must be greater than the left margin. The initial setting is 60. If n is not supplied, the current page width (set with the PAGE SIZE command) is used. | .TOP MARGIN [+-n] | .TM [+-n] | sets the top margin or the number of blank lines at the top of | the page to n. The top margin must be less than the number of | total lines in the page. The default value is 0. If n is not | specified the top margin is reset to the default or permenant | value. See also .PAGE SIZE command below. | .PAPER SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t] | .PAGE SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t] | .PS [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t] | sets the size of the page to h by w for the height and width. | Also sets the LEFT MARGIN to l and the TOP MARGIN to t. The | default setting is 58,60,0,0. These settings are permanent | since they are now the new default for the duration of the do- | cument. Every .CH command will reinstate the PAGE SIZE set- | tings. In addition the other margin commands without any mar- | gins specified will reset the requested margin to the perme- | nant value. The permenant values are used to determine the RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 34 | margins of the heading on each page. The older versions of | RUNOFF used only the temporary right margin to set the header | margins. NOTE | If you wish this command or any other margin command | to set the margins for the entire document including | the first page, you must put the command before all | text, and spacing commands. A spacing command is | .BLANK , .SKIP, .FIGURE, or any other command that | generates extra blank lines. | .SET PARAGRAPH [indent],[spacing],[test-page-lines] | .SPR | sets the paragraph parameters without actually causing a | break, or starting a new paragraph. This is similar to the | .PARAGRAPH command. .SPACING n .SP n sets the number of spaces between lines. The n can range from 1 to 5. The default setting is 1. SPACING 1 is like single spacing on a typewriter and SPACING 2 is like double spacing. SPACING 2 puts one blank line between lines of text. .STANDARD n .SD n returns all parameters to their initial settings and sets n as the page width. If STANDARD 60 is specified, margins are | reset LM 0, RM 60, PAGE SIZE 58,60, SPACING 1, paragraph in- | dent to the instlation standard, and FILL and JUSTIFY are en- abled. STANDARD 70 sets right margin to 70 and page size to 58,70. .TAB STOPS [n],[n],... .TS [n],[n],... sets tabs. The n must be greater than 0 and listed in ascend- ing order. If tabs already exist, the issuing of another TAB STOPS command clears all previous tabs before setting new ones. The default tabs are set at eight-column intervals to match the Digital hardware standard. These tabs are at co- lumns 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, and 80. The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non-expandable spaces. If there are no regular spaces to the left of the tabs, they will print out at the appropriate position, even if FILL is on. RUNOFF COMMANDS Page 35 .AUTOPARAGRAPH .AP causes any blank line or any line starting with a space or tab to be considered as the start of a new paragraph. This com- mand allows normally typed text to be justified without spe- cial commands. It does not cause a paragraph if blank lines are followed by a command. .NO AUTOPARAGRAPH .NAP disengages the AUTOPARAGRAPH mode. | .AUTOHYPHENATE | .AH | turns on automatic hyphenation. When it is on RNO will auto- | matically hyphenate words wherever necessary. If .DISABLE | HYPHENATION is used all hyphenation including autohyphenation | is disabled, until .ENABLE HYPHENATION is issued. This is the | default so this command need not be used if you want au- | tohyphenation. | .NO AUTOHYPHENATE | .NAH | turns off autohyphenation. When it is off user selectable | hyphenation may still be used. Note that autohyphenation may | be turned off temporarily for 1 word by preceeding it with the | hyphenate flag. APPENDIX A RNO ERROR MESSAGES RUNOFF produces error messages in the following format: RNO -- error message This appendix tabulates the error messages produced by RNO. Most of the error messages are self-explanatory. In some cases, RNO prints the line in which the error has occurred, so that the user can examine the source line which caused the problem and correct it. If the source line is printed it is printed only up to the point at which the error occurred. The error is generally the last character, or word in the source. Following the source line is the page number of the output text on which the error will cause prob- lems. (A) RNO -- Internal error This message is caused by an internal program error. You should never get this message. If you get this message contact the system manager. (B) RNO -- Illegal command This is one of 2 types of error. You probably specified bad parameters. An example of a bad parameter is trying to indent past the right margin. The other possibility is that .LOCK has been specified and now this command is con- sidered illega. For more information see .LOCK and the writeup on the command which is in error. (C) RNO -- Unrecognized command You probably misspelled the command or abbreviation. You should be aware that any input line is considered to begin with a command if the first character in column 1 is a de- cimal point. If you wish to begin a line of text with a decimal point insert a space before it to prevent its being confused with a command. (D) RNO -- Illegal command during footnote or note Either a .FOOTNOTE or .NOTE command is being processed and a command which is illegal during one of these commands has been issued. You have probably made on of the follow- ing errors. 1. You forgot to include either a .END NOTE or .END FOOT- NOTE command. RNO ERROR MESSAGES 37 2. You included an illegal command in the footnote or note. See the command summary appendix or the section of footnotes or notes. (E) RNO -- Can't justify line: RNO found a line of text containing no spaces (other than quoted spaces), so the line could not be justified. (F) RNO -- Output file error A write error has occurred on the output file. One of the following conditions exists: 1. The device is full or is write protected. 2. The hardware has failed. 3. The user does not have write access privileges to the file. (G) RNO -- Input file error A read error has occurred on an input file. One of the following conditions may exist: 1. A problem exists with a physical device (e.g. device cycled down). 2. The file is corrupted or the format is wrong. 3. The file is a nonsource file. (Object file, etc.) (H) RNO -- Insufficient dynamic memory The input file contained either too many INDEX entries and RNO ran out of index buffer space or a FOOTNOTE command has caused overflow of the buffer reserved for footnotes. RNO stops processing the input file. The user should de- lete some index entries and/or reduce the amount of foot- note text for the last page processed. Too many escape sequence definitions or substitute definitions could also severly reduce dynamic memory. All index entries, escape sequences, and substitutions reduce dynamic memory perme- nantly until the end of the current document, while foot- notes only use it temporarily. (I) RNO -- Can't indent list element The user has nested lists that cause RNO to attempt in- denting beyond the right margin. (J) RNO -- Can't reduce margins A NOTE command occurred after the margins were set to va- lues that prevent the NOTE command from reducing margins by 15. (K) RNO -- Command syntax error The user has entered a command in a format that does not conform to the syntax rules. See the section RNO COMMAND STRING. RNO ERROR MESSAGES 38 (L) RNO -- output file specification error An error exists in the output file specification. Correct the specification and re-enter the command. (M) RNO -- output file open failure The file system, while attempting to open the output file, has detected an error. One of the following conditions may exist: 1. The user's directory file is protected against an open. 2. A problem exists with the physical device. 3. The volume is not mounted. 4. The specified file directory does not exist. 5. The device is full of write protected. (N) RNO -- Input file specification error An error exists in the input file specification. Correct the specification and re-enter the command. (O) RNO --Input file open error The file system, while attempting to open an input file, has detected an error. One of the following conditions may exist. 1. The user directory file is protected against an open. 2. A problem exists with the physical device. 3. The volume is not mounted. 4. The specified file directory does not exist. 5. The file does not exist as specified. (P) RNO -- Too many nested .REQ More than 5 nested levels of .REQUEST have been found. This means that the original file contained a .REQ for a second file, which contained a .REQ for a third file and so on. When the .REQ for a sixth file was issued, it was ignored and this error message was issued. To fix this error you must rearrange your files to prevent more than 5 input files being in use at one time. (Q) RNO -- Extraneous chars in command One or more extraneous characters appear after a legal command and before the next command. These are either typographical errors or you used the command improperly. The command is executed in either case. (R) RNO -- Too many nested substitutions More than 3 levels of substitution have been attempted. This means that the first substitution contained a second, the second contained a third and the third contained a fourth. The fourth level is ignored. RNO ERROR MESSAGES 39 (S) RNO -- Undefined sustitution The substitution flag ($) was followed by an unrecognized label. Either you made a typographical error in the label or you wished to print the substitute flag character in the text, but forgot to preceed it with an Accept flag character(_). APPENDIX B BUILDING RUNOFF RSX-11M MAPPED SYSTEMS Procedure: (A) Use UFD to set up the proper UFDs, if necessary. (B) Select the proper task build file: 1. RNOBLD Overlayed 2. RNOBLDFCS Overlayed, resident library 3. BIGRNOBLD Non overlayed, resident FCS library 4. RNOIASBLD IAS overlayed (C) Select the options you require by editing the RNPRE.MAC. For example the conditional $FLORD may be enabled by de- leting the semicolon. This will enter a default set of escape sequences for the FLORIDA DATA printer. (D) Edit the Task Build command file to reflect your individu- al system needs. The Task Build command file contains parameters to set the default switches, default paper size (for /-FF) and default underline mode. If you use lots of index terms or otherwise make heavy demands on dynamic memory RNO will run faster by increasing EXTSK parameter. The overlayed version has lots of room for dynamic memory extension and runs nearly as fast as the non overlayed version. (E) Assemble MAC @RNOASM (F) Build the task TKB @RNOBLD .....or TKB @RNOBLDFCS ..or TKB @BIGRNOBLD (G) The final RNO.TSK should be copied to LB:[1,54] if you wish to make it available to all users. RSX-11M UNMAPPED SYSTEMS Users of unmapped systems should follow the procedure outlined for mapped systems, but selecting UICs as appropriate. File RNOBLD.CMD will have to be edited to delete the /MM switch and to change the PAR directive to match system requirements. BUILDING RUNOFF 41 RSX-11D/IAS Users of RSX-11D/IAS should follow the procedure outlined for users of RSX-11M Mapped systems. Since the conventions for source and object files are installation dependent, all .CMD and .ODL files should be edited accordingly. Additionally, RSX-11D/IAS users should alter RNOBLD.CMD to change the /MM switch to /MU and to change the PAR directive as needed. Alternatively, IAS users may use command file RNOIAS.CMD to assem- ble and build RUNOFF. The command file contains parameters to set the default switches, default paper size (for /-FF) and default underline mode. VAX/VMS users This program must be built under compatibility mode using MCR. The commands are: MCR MAC @RNOASM MCR TKB @RNOBLD Otherwise the 11-M proceedure should be used. RESTRICTIONS This version of RNO uses the SOB instruction. If your machine (11/20 or 11/10) doesn't have this instruction it may be simulated in the RNPRE.MAC file. Since almost every PDP-11 has this instruc- tion you will probably not have to worry about this. In addition the prefix file has a symbol $FLORD to define a set of default es- cape sequences for the Florida data printer. If you wish to define your own internal set of default escape sequences the default table is in routine START. The maximum input line is currently set to 140 characters. If this is too short you may redefine the symbol IBFSIZ in RNFIO.MAC. You should be aware that if you do this the program will grow in size at the expense of dynamic memory. NOTE This program has been successfully run on RSX-11M, VAX/VMS, and IAS systems. It has not been tried on un- mapped systems. APPENDIX C SPECIAL CHARACTERS BELOW IS A LIST OF RUNOFF's special characters. To appear in the text, each must be preceded by the underscore character (itself a special character). ^ shift character for upper case or lock function on \ shift character for lower case or lock function off < flag character for upper case * # quoted space character = flag character for disabling or specifying hyphenation ** & underscore _ quote special character % overstrike special character # $ substitute special character #* | break special character #** ---------- *Only becomes a special character if FLAGS CAPITALIZE is engaged. **Only becomes a special character if FLAGS HYPHENATE is engaged. #only becomes a special character if flags overstrike is engaged. #* only becomes special character if flags substitute is engaged #** only becomes special character if flags break is engaged. APPENDIX D LIST OF COMMANDS (ALPHABETICAL) * Indicates the command causes a line BREAK. $ Indicates a command forbidden during a FOOTNOTE. D Indicates the default setting ~ Indicates not available in DSR Command Abbreviation Opt. ------- ------------ ---- APPENDIX [title] AX *$ AUTOHYPHENATE AH $D~ AUTOPARAGRAPH AP BEGIN BAR BB BLANK [-space] B * BREAK BR * CENTER [LINE][+-n] C [LINE] * CENTER TEXT [+-n] C TEXT *~ CENTRE [+-n] C * CHAPTER [title] CH *$ COMMENT [comment text] ; DEFINE ESCAPE escape definition $~ DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /label/text $~ DISABLE BAR DBB D DISABLE ESCAPE DES~ DISABLE HYPHENATION DHY DISABLE INDEXING DIX DISABLE OVERSTRIKING DOV DISABLE UNDERLINING DUN DISPLAY APPENDIX [format] DAX $ DISPLAY CHAPTER [format] DCH $ DISPLAY ELEMENTS ["L",][form][,"r"] DLE $ DISPLAY LEVELS [f1],[f2],... DHL $ DISPLAY NUMBER [format] DNM $ DISPLAY SUBPAGE [format] DSP $ (format = D,LU,LL,LM,RU,RL,RM) DO INDEX [title] DX *$ ENABLE BAR EBB D ENABLE ESCAPE ESC D~ ENABLE HYPHENATION EHY D ENABLE INDEXING EIX D ENABLE OVERSTRIKING EOV D ENABLE SUBSTITUTION D ENABLE UNDERLINING EUN D END BAR EB LIST OF COMMANDS (ALPHABETICAL) 44 END CENTER ECN ~ END FOOTNOTE EFN END LIST [space] ELS *$ END LITERAL EL *$ END NOTE EN *$ END SUBPAGE ES *$ FIGURE [space] FG *$ FILL F D FIRST TITLE FT $ FLAGS ACCEPT [new flag] FL ACCEPT D$ FLAGS [ALL] FL [ALL] $ FLAGS BREAK [new flag] FL BREAK $ FLAGS CAPITALIZE [new flag] FL CAPITALIZE $ FLAGS CONTROL [new flag] FL CONTROL D$ FLAGS ESCAPE [new flag] FL ESCAPE $~ FLAGS HYPHENATE [new flag] FL HYPHENATE $ FLAGS INDEX [new flag] FL INDEX $ FLAGS LOWERCASE [new flag] FL LOWERCASE D$ FLAGS OVERSTRIKE [new flag] FL OVERSTRIKE $ FLAGS SUBSTITUTE [new flag] FL SUBSTITUTE $ FLAGS UNDERLINE [new flag] FL UNDERLINE D$ FLAGS UPPERCASE [new flag] FL UPPERCASE D$ FOOTNOTE FN $ HEADER LEVEL [+-level] [title] HL *$ HEADER LOWER $ HEADER MIXED $ HEADER NO PAGE $~ HEADER PAGE $D~ HEADER SPACING [spacing] ~ HEADER UPPER D$ INDENT [-n] I * INDEX entry X JUSTIFY J D LAYOUT code [,spacing] LO *$ LEFT MARGIN [+-n] LM * LIST LS *$ LIST ELEMENT text LE *$ LITERAL LT * LOCK $~ LOWER CASE LC NO AUTOHYPHENATE NAH $ NO AUTOPARAGRAPH NAP D$ NO FILL NF * NO FLAGS [flag name] NFL $ NO JUSTIFY NJ NO PAGING NPA $ NO NUMBER NNM $ NO NUMBER CHAPTER $~ NO TITLE $~ NOTE N *$ NUMBER APPENDIX [n] NMAX $ LIST OF COMMANDS (ALPHABETICAL) 45 NUMBER CHAPTER [n] NMCH D$ NUMBER [PAGE] [n] NMPG D$ PAGE PG *$ PAGE SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t] PS $ PAPER SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t] PS $ PAGING PA $ PARAGRAPH [-n],[v],[t] P *$ PERIOD PR D$ PRINT INDEX PX *$ RESET ESCAPE $~ RESET SUBSTITUTE $~ REQUIRE 'file spec' REQ $ RIGHT [+-indent] R $ RIGHT MARGIN [+-n] RM * SET PARAGRAPH [-n],[v],[t] STP $ SKIP [lines] S * SPACING n SP $ STYLE HEADERS [N1],... STHL *$ (line,CAPS,Cap,number,center,blank before,after,test,indent) SUBPAGE SPG *$ SUBTITLE [subtitle] ST $ TAB STOPS [+-n1,n2...] TS $ TEST PAGE lines TP *$ TITLE [title] T D$ TOP MARGIN [+-n] TM *$~ UNDERLINE SPACES $~ UNDERLINE NO SPACES D$~ UPPER CASE UC D APPENDIX E NON STANDARD COMMANDS Command Standard equivalent ------- -------- ---------- ELI END LITERAL HY ENABLE HYPHENATION HYPHENATION ENABLE HYPHENATION LIT LITERAL NFC NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE NFH NO FLAGS HYPHENATE NHY DISABLE HYPHENATION NM NUMBER PAGE NO HYPHENATION DISABLE HYPHENATION SK SKIP SUBTTL SUBTITLE In addition to the non standard commands and the commands marked as not available in DSR some commands have additional functions not available in DSR. The permanent margins are not available in DSR and the TOP, LEFT margins parameters for .PAGE SIZE will not be re- cognized when transporting text to DSR. The layout codes 4-7 are not in DSR. The parameter for the .CENTER command is non standard. Other than these exceptions this version of RNO is a superset of other versions of RNO and a subset of DSR. APPENDIX F SPECIAL RUNOFF COMMANDS The following special features may be enabled when RNO is built by enabling the line defining the symbol $FLORD RUNOFF has been modified to include special commands to the FLORIDA DATA line printer. These commands allow the user to build scien- tific notation formulae and so on. It is suggested that certain special features of RUNOFF be changed at the start of the text you are editing. Specifically the following command should be issued: .FL ESCAPECAPE .FL OVERSTRIKE This disables upper/lowercasing and enables overstriking. The following list of functions may be used ^> Causes the text to be shifted up 1/2 space for writing superscripts, or cancelling subscripts. ^< Shifts the text down 1/2 space for writing subsripts or cancelling superscripts ^n Where n is a number between 1 and 9 selects a font. 3 is currently a 10 pitch ROMAN font and 8 will be GREEK and special symbols. ^* Begins shadow printing for boldface text. This normally ends at the end of a line or untill turned off whichever comes first. \* End shadow print ^= Begin elongated double width printing. CAUTION: when this is used RUNOFF doesnt know the chars are double wide so reset the margins accordingly. SPECIAL RUNOFF COMMANDS 48 \= End elongated print. The font number 8 (8) will have the following special characters. (A) The Greek correspond to the Roman letters. For example a ----- lower case a will be alpha etc. (B) The numbers will be about 30% smaller than the normal numbers for superscripts references and so on (C) The brakets [] and {} correspond to arrows. APPENDIX G INDEX (RUNOFF commands appear in upper case.) Accept character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AUTOHYPHENATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 AUTOPARAGRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 BEGIN BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 BLANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 BREAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 11 Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CASE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CENTER LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CENTER TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CENTRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CHAPTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 COMMAND FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Command string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 COMMANDS, FORMATTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 COMMANDS, MODE SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 COMMANDS, PAGE FORMATTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 COMMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Define / Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32A DEFINE ESCAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32A DEFINE SUBSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32B DISABLE BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 DISABLE ESCAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 DISABLE HYPHENATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 DISABLE OVERSTRIKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 DISABLE SUBSTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 DISABLE UNDERLINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 DISPLAY APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DISPLAY CHAPTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DISPLAY ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DISPLAY LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DISPLAY NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DISPLAY SUBPAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DO INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Enable / Disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ENABLE BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ENABLE ESCAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 INDEX 50 ENABLE HYPHENATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ENABLE INDEXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 30 ENABLE OVERSTRIKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ENABLE SUBSTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ENABLE UNDERLINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 END BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 END CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 END FOOTNOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 END LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 END LITERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 END NOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 END SUBPAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ERROR MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 FIGURE n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 File Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 FILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Filling of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 FIRST TITLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FLAGS ACCEPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FLAGS ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 FLAGS BREAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FLAGS CAPITALIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FLAGS CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 FLAGS ESCAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 FLAGS HYPHENATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FLAGS OVERSTRIKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FLAGS SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FLAGS SUBSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 FLAGS UNDERLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 FLAGS UPPERCASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FOOTNOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Form-feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 FORMATTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 HEADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 HEADER LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 HEADER LOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 HEADER MIXED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 HEADER NO PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 HEADER PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 HEADER SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 HEADER UPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Hyphenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 INDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Justification of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 JUSTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 LAYOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 LEFT MARGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 LIST ELEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 LITERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 INDEX 51 Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 LOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 LOWER CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 MODE SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 NO AUTOHYPHENATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 NO AUTOPARAGRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 NO FILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 NO FLAGS ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 NO FLAGS BREAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 NO FLAGS ESCAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 NO FLAGS HYPHENATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 NO FLAGS SUBSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 NO FLAGS UNDERLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 NO HEADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 NO JUSTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 NO NUMBER CHAPTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 NO PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 NO TITLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 NONUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 NOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 NUMBER APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 NUMBER CHAPTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 NUMBER PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 NUMBER SUBPAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 PAGE FORMATTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Page Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PAGE SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PAPER SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PARAGRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Parameter setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 PRINT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Quote character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Quoted Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 REQUIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 RESET ESCAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32B RESET SUBSTITUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32B RIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 RIGHT MARGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Right shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 RUNOFF COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 SET PARAGRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 SKIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Source File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 SPECIAL CHARACTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 42 INDEX 52 Spooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 STANDARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 STYLE HEADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SUBPAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Substitute character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SUBTITLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 SWitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 TAB STOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 TEST PAGE n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 18 TOP MARGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 UNDERLINE NO SPACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 UNDERLINE SPACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Underlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 Underscoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 UPPER CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Word spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6