.COMMENT EDITED 3-OCT-71 /LPW
.COMMENT EDIT # 0045	3 Dec 1981   15:26:38	VD0:[305,100]RNO.RNO;60
.COMMENT PREVIOUS EDIT	30 Nov 1981   11:20:26	DB0:[305,100]RNO.RNO;57
.EBB
.COMMENT EDITED 26-DEC-73 TO REFLECT RSX OPERATION -- E. POLLACK
.COMMENT EDITED 3-JUL-74 FOR FORMAT AND CLARIFICATION -- M. F. LEWIS
.COMMENT EDITED 23-DEC-75 FOR VERSION M01 -- M. F. LEWIS
.COMMENT EDITED 24-FEB-77 FOR RSTS/E -- MARTIN MINOW
.COMMENT EDITED 15-NOV-77 FOR RSTS/E V06C -- SIMON SZETO
.COMMENT EDITED 04-Jan-79 FOR ACCURACY AND ADDITIONS -- GARY B. STEBBINS
.COMMENT EDITED 8-AUG-79 FOR VERSION M02 -- M. F. LEWIS
.COMMENT EDITED 15-SEP-79 FOR LIBRARY RELEASE -- M. F. LEWIS
.COMMENT EDITED 5-APR-80 FOR CARTS LUG MODIFICATIONS -- D. B. CURTIS
.; RAY VAN TASSLE  ADDED TABLE OF CONTENTS, DARK, ETC
.; AND SOME UPDATES AND CORRECTIONS
.comment 20 Nov 81 RVT /BT & /SC switches. TOC margin explanation
.PAPER SIZE 60,80
.LEFT MARGIN 8
.RIGHT MARGIN 72
.FLAGS CAPITALIZE
.FIGURE 5
.spacing 1
.center
RUNOFF
.skip 1
.center
Revision Date: Dec 1981
.center
Program Version: M02.2
.period
.skip 1
.center
Document Revision
.center
Nov 1981
.skip 5
NOTICE: THis document describes a program which the
Digital Equipment Corporation has no committment
to offer or support at this time. This document
is, however, believed to be an accurate 
description of RUNOFF.
.skip 1
This version of RUNOFF is supported by a working group within the
Text Processing Special Interest Group.  If you experience any difficulties,
send a description of the problem, together with the .RNO input file and
the .DOC output file, to: Text Processing Special Interest Group, c/o DECUS,
One Iron Way, MR2-3/E55, Marlboro, MA 01752. Present plans call
for support of RUNOFF in source form only. It is recommended that you keep
a reference copy of the distributed sources so that corrections
and modifications may be distributed with SLP command files.

.chapter INTRODUCTION
.title ########INTRODUCTION
.left margin 8
.right margin 72
.skip
RUNOFF#(RNO) is a PDP-11 program
to facilitate the
preparation of typed or printed manuscripts, such as memos,
manuals, etc.  The user prepares his material on any
regular PDP-11 terminal, and writes it onto a file using
an appropriate editor.  The user includes not only
textual material, but also case and formatting information.
RUNOFF then takes the file and reproduces it onto the
line printer, terminal or other file to produce a final copy
or final file image.  It performs the formatting and
case shifting as directed, and will also perform line
justification, page numbering and titling, etc.,
as desired.
.skip
The principal benefit of such a program is that files
prepared for use with it may be easily edited and corrected.
Small or large amounts of material may be added or deleted, and
unchanged material need not be retyped.
After a set of changes, the program may be operated to
produce a new copy which is properly paged and formatted.
Documentation may thus be updated as necessary without
requiring extensive retyping.

.chapter RSX/IAS OPERATING PROCEDURES
.title ########RSX/IAS OPERATING PROCEDURES
.index Operation
.left margin 8
.right margin 72
.hl 1 ^initiating ^runoff
RUNOFF can be initiated in several ways. The general formats
for RSX-11 users are:
.nofill
.skip
.indent +24
MCR>RNO _<CR>
.INDENT +24
MCR>RNO#Filespec
.s
.fill
.hl 1 ^rno ^command ^string
.index Command string
System programs usually require a command
string to specify such things as input files and various
options.  A standard command string has one of the following
forms:
.skip
.nofill
.indent +16
output-file=input-file
.skip
.indent +24
or
.skip
.indent +16
@command-file
.skip
.fill
Both output-file and input-file are strings comprising a
file specification.
.skip
The second form of command string (@command-file) is used to
specify an indirect command file.  In this case each record of the
file is used as a command string before any commands following the
indirect command are accepted.
.skip
The command string syntax is described more completely in the
User's Guide for the relevant operating system.
.hl 2 ^file ^specifications
.index File Specifications
An RSX-11 file specification has the following form:
.nofill
.skip
.indent +16
Dev:[UIC]Filename.Typ;Ver
.skip
.fill
In this specification Dev must be a legal device code. The default
value is SY:, the system disk. UIC must be a valid User
Identification Code. Filename is any 1- to 9-character
alphanumeric string which specifies a file name. Typ is
a 1- to 3-character alphanumeric file type.  System programs
default to an appropriate standard type so the typical user will
not have to explicitly specify it.  Finally, Ver is a number
which is the version number of the file.  This field also normally
can be omitted since it defaults on input to the
highest existing version number for the file and on output
to the highest existing version number plus one.
.skip
Default file specifications (any part of which may be overridden):
.skip
.nofill
.indent +16
Input:###SY:RUNOFF.RNO
.skip
.indent +16
Output:##SY:RUNOFF.DOC
.skip
.i +10
RNO File###means###RNO TI:=File
.i +10
RNO =file##means###RNO File=file
.fill
.note Editing RUNOFF Output
RUNOFF output files may not be edited normally with the standard
RSX/IAS file editors.  To edit RUNOFF output, the output file
must first be processed by TECO with a command of the format:
.b.nofill.i +8
*ERFilespec_$EWFilespec/-CR_$EX_$_$
or just TEC Filespec  followed by EX$$
.en

.page
.hl 2 RNO  Switches
.index Switches
A file specification may have one or more switches associated
with it.  A switch is an indicator, consisting of a slash and a
two-character ASCII name, used to select program options.
.bb
Several switches control the
.eb
RNO program. These switches, described below,
may be specified on either the input or output file
specification. The defaults may be set by the system manager at
Task Build time.
.skip
.left margin 16
.nofill
/SP#####-- Spool the output file
.index Spooling
.s
/UC#####-- Force ALL uppercase output
.index Case
.s
/FF#####-- Force Form-feeds (instead of multi-LFS)
/-<ff:\n##-- Simulate Form-feeds with Line-feeds
.i +20
n is paper length, default set by
.i 24
your system manager.
.index Form-feeds
.s
/WA#####-- Wait for CR input at beginning of each page
/-<wa####-- Continue printing each page with no wait
.s
/PA:L:H -- Output only indicated page range
.indent +16
#####L=lowest page number printed
.indent +16
#####H=highest page number printed
.indent +16
#####The default setting is to print
.i 24
all pages.
.s
/PS:m:n#-- Set Page Size to m,n
.i 20
(See <page <size command.)
.s
/HY#####-- Hyphenate output
/-<hy####-- Do not hyphenate output
.index Hyphenation
.s
.bb
/RI:n###-- Right shift output. 
.index Right shift
			####n=amount of shift

/LM:N###-- Set left margin

.eb
.page
/UL:B###-- Underline with a spacing-backspace
.index Underlining
.s
/UL:L###-- Underline via line overprint with underline
.indent +16
#####character
.s
/UL:S###-- Simulate underline with hyphen character on
.indent +16
#####next line
.s
/UL:N###-- Underlining suppressed.
.s.bb
/BT#####-- book style titling
/BT:R###-- Normally odd pages have page numer on right,
.i 21
but /BT:R reverses that.
.s
/SC#####-- DIABLO/NEC spinwriter shift carriage 
.i 21
1/120 inch for bolding.
.eb
.fill
.left margin 8
.bb
.skip -7
--------------------------
.br
Default values are set by the system manager when <runoff is
Task-built as:
.i 5
/-SP/-UC/FF:66/-WA/-HY/UL:L
.BR
.I 5
##.PAGE SIZE 60,75
.I 5
##.LEFT MARGIN 4
.EB
.CHAPTER SOURCE FILE FORMAT
.title ########SOURCE FILE FORMAT
.left margin 8
.right margin 72
.index Source File Format
.skip
The source file contains the textual material
which will appear on the final copy, plus information to
specify formatting.  Most importantly, upper and lower case
information also may be supplied so that copy can be prepared on
the terminal or other such device which can input only
upper case letters.  All command information consists
of regular ASCII printing characters so that a listing of
the source file may be examined if the final copy is not
exactly as desired.
.skip
All material in the source file is taken to be source text
.bb
except those lines beginning with a period.  A line beginning
with zero or more space/tabs followed by a period is
.eb
assumed to be a command,
.comment index Command format
and must match one
of those listed in Chapter 4.  The commands provide the formatting
information, and control various optional modes of operation.
.skip
Usually the text is filled
.index Filling of text
and justified
.index Justification of text
 as it is processed.
That is, the program FILLS a line by adding successive words
from the source text until one more word would cause the right
margin to be exceeded.  The line is then JUSTIFIED by
making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line
exactly meets the right margin.
.skip
The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text
.index Literals
exactly, which is done by
disabling filling and justification or by use of the LITERAL
command. The program may be set
to fill but not justify, in which case the output will be 
normal except that lines will not be justified to the right margin.
The program may also be set to justify but not fill, 
although this would probably produce peculiar results and
is not recommended.
.skip
When the fill mode is on, spaces,
.index Space
.index Word spacing
and carriage returns 
occurring in the source text are treated only as word
separators.  Multiple separators are ignored.
.skip
Some of the commands cause a BREAK
.index BREAK
in the output. A break means that the current line is output without
justification, and the next word goes at the beginning
of the next line.  This occurs at the end of paragraphs.
.skip
The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing
.index Page Numbering
.index <Title
the title (if given) and the page number at the top of each
page.  The user may call explicitly for a page advance where
desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a page advance
within specified material.
.hl 1 ^case ^information
.index Case Information
Specification of case for files prepared on the terminal is
done with two characters, circumflex
(_^, 136 octal), and back-slash (_\, 134 octal).
The appearance of a circumflex causes the letter immediately
following to be transmitted in upper case.  The appearance
of a back-slash causes the letter immediately following to
be converted to lower case.  Any letter not preceeded by one of
these characters is transmitted in the current mode.  The mode
is initially upper case, and is changed by the occurrance
of two successive case control characters.  Two 
circumflexes (_^_^) cause the mode to be set to upper case,
and two back-slashes (_\_\) cause the mode to be set to
lower case.
.skip
The use of the above corresponds to the use of the shift and
shift-lock keys on a typewriter.  Usually, typing appears
in lower case. To type one letter in upper case, the shift
key is used.  The shift-lock is set to type a series of
upper case letters, after which it is released.
.skip
The following shows the uses of the case control characters:
.skip 1
HERE IS A SAMPLE SENTENCE IN _^_^UPPER CASE_\_\ AND
LOWER CASE.

.skip 1
becomes:
.skip 1
Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case.
.skip
.nt
Case conversion takes place only on ASCII
codes 101 to 132 octal, that is, the upper case letters.  Any
actual lower case letters (codes 141 to 172 octal) appearing
in the source will be transmitted unchanged.  If the source
is prepared on a device such as a DECwriter
or model 37 Teletype which produce
letters of the proper case, the mode should be set to
upper case at the beginning of the file and left unchanged for
the remainder.
.end note
An additional character, less-than (_<, 074 octal), capitalizes
the entire word it precedes. It then returns the file to the
current case.  This character is not engaged unless preceded by
the FLAGS CAPITALIZE command.
Similarly, the FLAGS HYPHENATE command engages the special
.index Hyphenation
character equals (_=, 075 octal), which causes hyphenization to be suspended for
the word it precedes.
.hl 1 ^special ^characters
.index Special characters
.lm +5
.i -5;_&##Ampersand#####Underscoring
.index Underscoring
.skip
The character ampersand (_&, 046 octal) is used to specify
underscoring.
The ampersand will cause the character following it to be
underscored, e.g.#_&f_&o_&o becomes ^&foo\&.
.skip
Underlining of a string of characters can also be specified
in a manner similar to that of the shift lock operations described above.
 An
appearance of ampersand preceded by circumflex (_^_&) will
cause underlining of all following characters except space. An
appearance of ampersand preceded by backslash (_\_&) will
disable this mode.
.skip
.i -5;_###Number Sign###Explicit space
.index Space
.index Quoted Space
.skip
It is occasionally necessary to include spaces in the text
which should not be treated as word separators. For
this purpose, RUNOFF treats the number-sign character (_#, 043 octal) as a
quoted space; i.e. it will print as exactly one space in the
output, will never be expanded nor changed to a carriage return.
.skip
.i -5;__##Underline#####Quote next character
.index Quote character
.skip
To allow the appearance of the special characters (ampersand,
number-sign, circumflex, or back-slash) in
the output, the underscore character (__, 137 octal) is used
as a quote  character.  The character immediately following
an underscore will be transmitted to the output with no
formatting effect.
The underscore itself is thus another case requiring
quoting. The following five cases occur: ___&,
___^, ___\, ____, and ___#.
.skip
.i -5;_^##Circumflex####Upper-case shift or mode lock
.skip
As described above, the circumflex character (_^) is used to convert
the letter following to upper-case.  It is also used to lock the
case mode in upper case, and the underline mode to "underline
all text".
If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded
by the quote character (___^).
.skip
.i -5;_\###Backslash####Lower-case shift or mode unlock
.skip
As described above, the backslash character (_\) is used to output
the letter following in lower-case.  It is also used to lock the
case mode in lower-case, and to disable underlining.
If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded
by the quote character (___\).
.tp 6
.skip
.i -5;_<##Less-than#####Capitalize next word
.skip
If FLAGS CAPITALIZE has been engaged, the less-than
character (_<) is a special character used to capitalize
the entire word it precedes.  If it is to appear in the printed text,
it must be preceded by the quote character (___<).
.skip
.i -5;_=##Equals-sign###Hypenation disable
.skip
If FLAGS HYPHENATE has been engaged, the equals
character (_=) used to disable hyphenation
for the word it preceeds.  If it
is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by
the quote character (___=).
.bb
.hl 1 Table of Contents
.index Table of Contents
After the entire text file has been processed, a Table of Contents
will be generated. The text of all <chapter and <header <level
commands will appear, along with the section number and page number.

.p
The margins are set back to the permanent positions (established by
the last-seen ".PAGE SIZE" command). The text starts on the left margin, and
the page number starts 3/4 of the way between the left and right margins.
.p
Neither case control nor emphasis (underline or dark) work reliably
within the text of HEADER LEVEL's.

.hl 1 Word Emphasis
.index Word Emphasis
.index Underline
.index Underscore
.index Dark Words
Words #may be #emphasized by either #^&underlining\& them or by
.break
.dark ;overprinting
the characters.
It is an unfortunate restriction that you cannot have both
underlined and dark words on the same line in the output.

.hl 1 Margins and ^page ^size
put some stuff here.
.eb


.chapter <runoff <commands
.index Runoff Commands
.title ########RUNOFF COMMANDS
.index Command format
.left margin 8
.right margin 72
.skip
The following commands will be recognized if they are at the
.bb
beginning of a line started with a period (optionally
preceeded by any number of space/tabs).  Any line in the
.eb
source file beginning with a period is assumed to be one of
these commands.  If it is not, an error diagnostic will be
typed and the line will be ignored.  Some commands take one
or more decimal numeric arguments. These are separated from
the command by a space.
More than one command may be entered on a single line by separating
the commands with a semicolon (;) or a period (.).
.s
Multi-word commands may appear in any form. Thus,
##.NO HEADER and .NOHEADER are both legal.
.skip
Many commands may be abbreviated. Standard abbreviations are given
below each command.
.bb
.skip
Some of the commands have the format:
.br.i 10;
##.command ; text
.br
If the semicolon is omitted, the "text" for the command is on
the next source line.
.eb

.test page 10
.hl 1 ^text ^formatting
.index Formatting
.index Commands, formatting
.left margin 13
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 6
##.BREAK
.index BREAK
.indent -5
##.BR
.skip
causes a break, i.e.#the current line will be output with
no justification, and the next word of the source text will
be placed at the beginning of the next line.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 10
##.SKIP n
.indent -5
##<.sk n
.indent -5
##.S n
.index SKIP n
.skip
causes a BREAK after which n is multiplied by the number of spaces
between lines. The result is the number of lines skipped.
Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no
room on the current page.
.bb
If the nothing has been put on the current page, this command
does nothing. To leave blank lines at the top of a page, put a literal space
(_# character) on the page, or use .FIGURE.
The n can also have a negative value.  Thus, a final footnote
can be set by a command such as .SKIP -5.
.eb
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 8
##.BLANK n
.indent -5
##.B n
.index BLANK n
.skip
causes the current line to be output with no justification,
skips n line spaces, and then starts output of the current source
text. BLANK is like SKIP, except that the space to be left
is independent of line spacing.
.bb
If the nothing has been put on the current page, this command
does nothing. To leave blank lines at the top of a page, put a literal space
(_# character) on the page, or use .FIGURE.
n can be negative to move the line n lines from the end of the page.
.eb
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 7
##.FIGURE n
.indent -5
##.FG n
.index FIGURE n
.skip
leaves n lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram.
If fewer than n lines remain on the current page, text
continues to fill this page, then the page is advanced and n
blank lines are left at the top of the next page.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 8
##.INDENT n
.indent -5
##.I n
.index INDENT n
.skip
causes a BREAK and sets the next line to begin n spaces
to the right of the left margin.  The n can be negative to allow
beginning a line to the left of the left margin. However, a line
cannot begin to the left of column 0. If n is not supplied,
the current paragraph indent is used.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 10
##.PARAGRAPH n, v, t
.indent -5
##.P n, v, t
.index PARAGRAPH n,v,t
.skip
causes a BREAK and formats the output paragraphs.
The n is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces 
.bb for
paragraph indenting.
.eb
  The default value for n is 5
(n can also have a negative value).
v is the vertical spacing between paragraphs. v can range from 0 to 5.
(1 is single spacing, 2 is double spacing, etc.)
.bb
t specifies a value for an automatic TEST ^PAGE (see the TEST ^PAGE command).
.eb
.skip
.test page 8
.indent -5
##.CENTER n;text
.indent -5
##.CENTRE N;text
.indent -5
##.C n;text
.skip
.index CENTER n
.index CENTRE n
causes a BREAK and centers the following text in the source file.
The centering is over column (n + left margin)/2.
If n is not given, it is assumed to be the right margin.
.tp 6
.note
CENTER, RIGHT MARGIN, LEFT MARGIN, PAGE SIZE, And STANDARD
take both relative and absolute values.  Relative values are
.index Relative arguments
expressed as +n or -n, while absolute values of n are unsigned.
.end note
.skip 1
.test page 10
.indent -5
##.FOOTNOTE n
.indent -5
##.FN n
.skip
.index FOOTNOTE n
saves n lines at the bottom of the current page for a footnote.
The n is multiplied by the number of spaces set with the SPACING
command. If insufficient room remains on the current page,
space is allocated at the bottom of the following page.
The text of the footnote should begin on the line following the
FOOTNOTE command.
Indentation, case lock, justify, margins, spacing,
.bb
.eb
bar, and fill
are preserved around footnotes. However, commands that affect page
formatting are illegal in a footnote.  Tab stops are illegal
because they are not preserved. A footnote within a footnote
is also illegal.
.skip
The actual space taken by a footnote can be more or less than
specified by n.
If necessary adjust n after examining a draft printout.
.s
The footnote is terminated with a line beginning with an exclamation
point (the remainder of which is ignored).
.skip
.test page 7
.indent -5
##.NOTE text
.indent -5
##.NT text
.skip
.index NOTE
starts an indented note.  This command BLANKS 2, reduces both
margins, centers the text (if no text is given, it centers
the word "NOTE"), and then BLANKS 1.
At this point you enter the text of the note. If the left margin is
at 0, the margin reduction is 15, otherwise it is 5.
.skip
.test page 6
.indent -5
##.END NOTE
.indent -5
##.EN
.skip
.index END NOTE
terminates the NOTE command, BLANKS 2, and reverts the margins
and spacing modes to their settings before the last NOTE
command.
.skip
.test page 10
.indent -5
##.LIST N
.indent -5
##.LS n
.skip
.index LIST n
starts an indented list with n spacing, moves the left margin
9 spaces to the right for the first LIST command, and 4 more
spaces for each subsequent nested LIST.
The normal FILL and JUSTIFY modes remain in effect.
Therefore, you must disengage them just after the LS command
if you want a ragged right.
.bb
.skip
The number of blank lines between the list elements is 'n'. The
default value is 1. The allowable range is 0-5. The initial
value for the list element "<test <page" is the list spacing + 3.
.SKIP
Lists may be nested up to 5 deep.
.eb

.skip
.test page 10
.indent -5
.bb
##.LIST ELEMENT n;text
.indent -5
##.LE n;text
.eb
.skip
.index LIST ELEMENT
starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the LIST
comand.
The elements are numbered sequentially and the number is given a
negative indent so that the list lines up.
The number is followed by a period and two spaces so that
the indent will be by -4.
The optional n sets the "test page" value for this and all further
list elements (at the same list level). 

.skip
.test page 5
.indent -5
##.END LIST
.indent -5
##.ELS
.skip
.index END LIST
terminates the LIST command and returns to settings before the
last LIST command.
.s 1
.tp 6
.i -5
##.COMMENT text
.i -5
##.;#text
.s
.index COMMENT
causes the line to be ignored. The text is not printed in the output
file, but rather is used as a comment line in the source text.

.left margin 8
.tp 15
.hl 1 ^page ^formatting
.index Page formatting
.index Commands, page formatting
.left margin 13
.skip 1
.test page 7
.indent -5
##.PAGE
.index PAGE
.indent -5
##.PG
.skip
causes a BREAK and an advance to a new page.
If the current page is empty, this command does not
advance the page. Just like an automatic page advance, this
command prints the title (if given) and page numbers on every page.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 10
##.TEST PAGE n
.i -5
##.TP n
.index TEST PAGE n
.skip
causes a BREAK followed by a conditional page advance. It skips
to the next page if fewer than n lines are left on the page.
This capability is to ensure that the following n lines are all output
on the same page. This command has the form t as an optional
argument to the PARAGRAPH command.
.tp 7
.skip
.indent -5
##.NUMBER n
.indent -5
##.NM n
.index NUMBER n
.comment index Page numbering
.skip
starts page numbering. This is the default so there is no
reason to issue this command unless page numbering is
disengaged.
If resumption of page numbering is desired at a certain page,
specify n.
.skip
.tp 6
.indent -5
##.NONUMBER
.indent -5
##.NNM
.skip
.index NONUMBER
disengages page numbering. However, pages continue to be counted,
so that the normal page number can appear if page numbering is
re-entered with the NUMBER command.
.skip
.test page 10
.indent -5
##.CHAPTER Text
.indent -5
##.CH text
.skip
.index CHAPTER
starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter.
This command acts as if the following command string were entered:
.nofill
.skip
.indent 5
##.BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n
.skip
.fill
The n is incremented by 1 automatically.
After the CHAPTER n is typed on the page,
.nofill
.skip
.indent 5
##.BLANK 2;.CENTER;Text;.BLANK 3
.skip
.fill
occurs. This command then resets the case, margins, spacing,
and justify/fill modes. It also clears any subtitles and sets
the chapter name as the title.
.s
.tp 7
.i -5
##.NUMBER CHAPTER n
.s
.index NUMBER CHAPTER n
supplies a number (n) to be used in a subsequent CHAPTER command.
NUMBER CHAPTER would be used when a chapter of a document occupies
a source file of its own.  In such  a case, NUMBER CHAPTER would
be the first command of the source file.
.skip
.tp 10
.indent -5
##.HEADER LEVEL N text
.indent -5
##.HL n text
.skip
.index HEADER LEVEL n
starts a section at the level specified and takes the following text
as the header.
n can range from 1 to 5.
The sections are incremented by 1 automatically, and the number is
output in the form i.j.k.l.m.
If this is a chapter oriented document, the i is the chapter number.
Otherwise, it is the number of the .HL 1 level.
The text is used in the Table-of-Contents.
Neither case control nor emphasis (underline or dark) work reliably
within the text of HEADER LEVEL's.
This command acts as a
.nofill
.skip
.indent 5
##.BREAK;.TEST PAGE 9;.BLANK 3
.skip
.fill
followed by the section number, two spaces, and the
section name.
HEADER LEVELS 1 and 2 end with a BREAK.
HEADER LEVELS 3,4, and 5 end with a space-dash-space
combination (_#-_#).
.skip
.tp 8
.indent -5
##.TITLE text
.indent -5
##.T text
.skip
.index TITLE
takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it
on every page at line 0.
The default is no title.
If a title is desired, this command must be entered in the
source file.
.s
.tp 8
.i -5
##.FIRST TITLE text
.i -5
##.FT text
.s
.index FIRST TITLE
Same as TITLE, but used to specify the title to be printed on
the first page of the document.  This command must precede all text
in the source file.  Use of the FIRST TITLE command is the only
way to print a title line on the first page of the document.
.skip
.tp 8
.i -5
##.SUBTITLE text
.i -5
##<.subttl text
.i -5
##.ST text
.index SUBTITLE
.skip
takes the remaining text as the subtitle and outputs it on every
page.  It appears directly under the title.  The subtitle
is not indented, but indentation can be achieved by
typing leading spaces.
.s 1
.tp 8
.i -5
##.INDEX text
.i -5
##.X text
.skip
.index INDEX
takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword
and adds it, along with the current page number, to the internal
index buffer. The command does not cause a break. It should 
appear immediately before the item to be indexed.
A keyword may be indexed more than once.
.s
.tp 8
.i -5
##.DO INDEX text
.i -5
##.DX text
.skip
.index DO INDEX
forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise
it centers the word "INDEX".  This command prints the
entire contents of the index buffer.  Entries are printed
in alphabetic order and are set against the left margin.
Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is
left between entries of different first letters.
The page number of each entry is placed on the
.bb
same line as the entry. Additional
.eb
page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by commas.
.bb
.skip
It is not necessary to include this command, as it will be forced if there
is anything in the index buffer, when end-of-file is encountered
on the input file.
.eb

.s
.tp 8
.i -5
##.PRINT INDEX
.i -5
##.PX
.skip
.index PRINT INDEX
forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents
of the index buffer. Entries are printed in alphabetical order
and are set against the left margin. Regular line spacing is used,
except that a blank line is left between entries of different first
letters.
The number of the first page on which each entry appeared is
.bb
put on the same line as the entry. ^additional
.eb
page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by commas.
.s
##.PRINT INDEX and .DO INDEX perform the same task.  The
only difference is that .PRINT INDEX does not
interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing.
.s
.tp 8
.i -5
##.SUBPAGE
.s
.index SUBPAGE
executes a PAGE with page numbering suspended.
The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to
the page number.  This permits insertion of additional pages within
an existing document without changing the existing page
numbering.
.s
.i -5
##.END SUBPAGE
.s
disengages the SUBPAGE command by executing a PAGE command
.index END SUBPAGE
with page numbering resumed.
.s
.tp 8
.i -5
##.APPENDIX text
.i -5
##.AX text
.s
.index APPENDIX
starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the appendix.
This command acts as if the following command string were
entered:
.nofill
.skip
.indent +8
##.BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX A
.skip
.fill
The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automatically.
After the APPENDIX A is typed on the page,
.nofill
.skip
.indent +8
##.BLANK 2;.CENTER;Text;.BLANK 3
.skip
.fill
occurs. This command then resets the case, margins, spacing, and
justify/fill modes.  It also clears any subtitles and sets the
appendix name as the title.
.s
.tp 5
.i -5
##.NUMBER APPENDIX a
.s
.index NUMBER APPENDIX a
supplies a letter (a) to be used as the letter for a subsequent
APPENDIX command.
.s 1
.tp 7
.i -5
##.HEADER arg
.i -5
##.<hd arg
.s
.index HEADER
causes the page header (title, subtitle, and page number)
to be printed.
Arg is "UPPER" to specify upper case characters for the
title text, "LOWER" to specify lower case, or "MIXED".
.bb
The initial setting is "HEADER MIXED".
.eb

.s
.tp 6
.i -5
##.NOHEADER
.i -5
##.NHD
.s
.index NOHEADER
causes the page header (title, subtitle, and page number) to be
omitted.
The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the
top of the page with no top margin.

.left margin 8
.tp 10
.hl 1 ^mode ^setting
.left margin 13
.index Mode Setting
.index Commands, mode setting
.skip 1
.i -5
.test page 10
.bb
##.ENABLE BAR
.index ENABLE BAR
.i -5
##.EBB
.skip
Causes change bars to be enabled.
This causes output to be shifted to the right 3 columns to make room for the
 potential change bar.
This is usually done at the start of a document and is disabled, if ever,
only at page breaks.
.skip 
.i -5
.test page 10
##.DISABLE BAR
.index DISABLE BAR
.i -5
##.DBB
.skip
Causes change bar mode to be disabled.
If this is done at all, it is usually only at page breaks.
.skip
.i -5
.test page 10
##.BEGIN BAR
.index BEGIN BAR
.i -5
##.BB
.skip
Causes the change bar range to start.
.skip
.test page 10
.i -5
##.END BAR
.index END BAR
.i -5
##.EB
.skip
Causes 
.eb
the change bar range to end.
.skip
.indent -5
.test page 7
##.JUSTIFY
.index JUSTIFY
.i -5
##.J
.skip
Causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justified
(initial setting).
The command increases the spaces between words until the last word
exactly meets the right margin.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 6
##.NOJUSTIFY
.index NOJUSTIFY
.i -5
##.NJ
.skip
Causes a break and prevents justification of subsequent
output lines to make a ragged right margin.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 10
##.FILL
.i -5
##.F
.index FILL
.skip
Causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be
filled (inital setting).  Sets the justification mode to be that specified by
the last appearance of JUSTIFY or NOJUSTIFY.
FILL adds successive words from the source text until
the adding of one more word will exceed the right margin.
It stops before putting the last word in.
(If hyphenation has not been disabled,
RNO will attempt to break words which cause line overflow
into syllables.)
.skip 1
.tp 5
.indent -5
##.NOFILL
.i -5
##.NF
.index NOFILL
.skip
disengages the FILL and JUSTIFY modes.
This command is used to permit typing a table.
.skip
.nt
1.#The nofill-nojustify mode need be used only where there
are several lines of material to be copied exactly.  A single
line example will not require using these commands if there
are breaks before and after.
.skip
2.#Normally FILL and NOFILL are used to turn both
filling and justification on and off.  It is usually
desirable to do both.  A subsequent appearance of a justification
command will override the fill command however.
.skip
3.#Because of the action of FILL, a single occurrance of
NOJUSTIFY will cause the remainder of the file to be
unjustified, with filling as specified.  In order to justify
but not fill (not recommended), a JUSTIFY command must
follow every NOFILL  command.
.en
.skip
.tp 7
.i -5
##.UPPER CASE
.i -5
##.UC
.skip
.index UPPER CASE
sets the output mode to upper case.  This command acts
the same as typing two circumflexes (_^_^).
.bb
.eb
.skip
.tp 5
.i -5
##.LOWER CASE
.i -5
##.LC
.skip
.index LOWER CASE
sets the output mode to lower case.
This command acts the same as typing two backslashes (_\_\).
.s
.tp 10
.i -5
##.FLAGS CAPITALIZE
.i -5
##.FL CAPITALIZE
.skip
.index FLAGS CAPITALIZE
enables the less-than (_<) character to capitalize the entire
word it precedes. It then returns the file to the current case
mode. This special character is usually off and must be typed
at the very beginning of the source text
to enable this character.
.bb
A space or another less-than (_<) returns the file to the
.eb
current case lock.
.s
.tp 4
.i-5
##.NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE
.i -5
##.NFC
.s
.index NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE
disengages the FLAG CAPITALIZE command (inital setting).
.s
.tp 5
.i -5
##.HYPHENATION
.i -5
##.HY
.s
.index HYPHENATION
.bb
engages hyphenization.
.eb
.s
.tp 4
.i -5
##.NO HYPHENATION
.i -5
##.NHY
.s
.index NO HYPHENATION
.bb
disengages hyphenization (initial setting).
.eb
.s
.tp 9
.i -5
##.FLAGS HYPHENATE
.i -5
##<.fl <hyphenate
.s
.index FLAGS HYPHENATE
enables the equals character (_=) to disengage hyphenization for the
word it precedes.  This special character is initially off and must
be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this character.
The FLAGS HYPHENATE character is used to disengage hyphenization
for words improperly hyphenated by the hyphenization algorithm.
.s;.tp 4;.i -5
##<.no <flags <hyphenate
.i -5
##<.nfh
.s;.index <no <flags <hyphenate
Disengages the <flags <hyphenate command (initial setting).
.s;.tp 5;.i -5
##<.nfl
.s
Disengages the <flags <capitalize and the <flags <hyphenate commands
(initial setting).
.s
.tp 5
.i -5
##.PERIOD
.i -5
##.PR
.s
.index PERIOD
.bb
causes at least two spaces to occur after every sentence seperator 
that is followed be a space. Sentence seperators are: 
.br.i +10
 : ; ! ? . 
.skip
(This is the initial setting).
.eb
.s
.tp 5
.i -5
##.NOPERIOD
.i -5
##.NPR
.s
.index NOPERIOD
disengages conversion of period/separator to period/two spaces.
.s
.tp 5
.i -5
##.LITERAL
.i -5
##.LIT
.s
.index LITERAL
disengages FILL/JUSTIFY to permit printing of text exactly
as entered in source file.
.bb
All special characters (see Appendix B) are treated as normal printing
characters.
.eb
.s
.tp 5
.i -5
##.END LITERAL
.i -5
##.ELI
.s
.index END LITERAL
used after LITERAL command to re-engage FILL/JUSTIFY.
.BREAK
.LEFT MARGIN 8
.HL 1 Parameter Setting
.INDEX PARAMETER SETTING
.LEFT MARGIN 13
.SKIP
.TP 10
.I -5
##.LEFT MARGIN n
.i -5
##.LM n
.skip
.index LEFT MARGIN n
sets the left margin to n.
The n must be less than the right margin but not less than 0.
.bb
If n is omitted, the permanent left margin setting is used.
If n is a signed number, it as added (or subtracted) to the current value.
.eb
.skip
.tp 10
.i -5
##.RIGHT MARGIN N
.i -5
##.RM n
.skip
.index RIGHT MARGIN n
sets the right margin n.
.bb
The n must be greater than the left margin.
If n is omitted, the permanent right margin setting is used.
If n is a signed number, it as added (or subtracted) to the current value.
.eb
.skip
.tp 10
.i -5
##.PAPER SIZE N,m
.i -5
##.PAGE SIZE n,m
.i -5
##.PS n,m
.skip
.index PAPER SIZE n,m
.index PAGE SIZE n,m
.bb
sets the size of the page to n lines, and the permanent right margin
to m. Either n or m may be omitted.
.eb

.skip
.tp 8
.bb
.i -5
##.LA120 cpi,lpi
.skip

causes a break and puts to the output file 
a control sequence which will reset the character size on an LA-120
terminal. 
CPI (characters per inch) may be:
.br.i +10
5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, or 16
.br
LPI (lines per inch) may be:
.br.i +10
2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12
.skip
Either or both parameters may be omitted. The defaults are 10 CPI and 6 LPI.
If this command appears in the file, the size will be automatically
reset to the defaults at the end of the output file.
.eb

.skip
.tp 8
.i -5
##.SPACING n
.i -5
##.SP n
.skip
.index SPACING n
sets the number of spaces between lines.
The n can range from 1 to 5.
The default setting is 1.
SPACING 1 is like single spacing on a typewriter and
SPACING 2 is like double spacing. SPACING 2 puts
one blank line between lines of text.
.skip
.tp 10
.i -5
##.STANDARD N
.i -5
##.SD n
.skip
.index STANDARD n
returns all parameters to their initial settings and sets n as the page width.
If STANDARD 60 is specified, margins are reset LM 0,
.BB
RM 60, PAGE SIZE 58,60, SPACING 1, paragraph indent to the
installation standard,
.eb
and <fill and <justify are enabled.
STANDARD 70 sets right margin to 70 and page size
to 58,70.
.;(Page length is directly related to page width).
.;This command is useful if settings are changed and it becomes
.;necessary to reinitialize the standard block format.
.skip
.i -5
##.TAB STOPS n,n,...
.i -5
##.TS n,n,...
.skip
.index TAB STOPS n,n
sets tabs. The n must be greater than 0 and listed in ascending order.
If tabs already exist, the issuing of another TAB STOPS
command clears all previous tabs before setting new ones.
The default tabs are set at eight-column intervals to match
the Digital hardware standard.
These tabs are at columns 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, and 80.
The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non-expandable
.eb
spaces. If there are no regular spaces to the left of the tabs, they
will print out at the appropriate position, even if <fill is on.
.skip 1
.indent -5
.test page 10
.bb
##.RELATIVE TABS n
.i -5
##.RT n
.SKIP
specifies what the tab stops are relative to. If n is omitted, the
tabs stops will be relative to the left margin in effect when the tab
is encountered. If n is '-1', the tab stops will be relative to the left
margin in effect at the time this command is encountered.
Otherwise the tab stops will be relative to column 'n'.
The initial value is '0'.

.skip 1.tp 10.i -5
.index <underline

.x dark
.x ul
##.UNDERLINE;text
.i -5
##.UL;text
.skip
the text is to be 
.UL;underlined
in the output file.

.skip 1.tp 10.i -5
.x dark
##<.dark;text
.skip
the text is be be
.DARK;overprinted to appear dark
in the output.

.skip 1.tp 10.i -5
.x setul
.x set underline 
##<.setul
.skip
set the default emphasis mode for characters emphasized by instream
commands "_^_&" and "_\_&" to be underscore rather than dark.
This is the initial setting.
.skip 1.tp 10.i -5

.x setdark
.x set dark
##<.setdark
.skip
set the default emphasis mode for characters emphasized by instream
commands "_^_&" and "_\_&" to be dark rather than underscore.
.eb
.SKIP
.TP 5
.i -5
##.AUTOPARAGRAPH
.i -5
##.AP
.skip
.index AUTOPARAGRAPH
causes any blank line or any line starting with a space or tab to
be considered as the start of a new paragraph.
This command allows normally typed text to be justified without
special commands. It does not cause a paragraph if blank lines
are followed by a command.
.skip
.tp 5
.i -5
##.NOAUTOPARAGRAPH
.i -5
##.NAP
.skip
.index NOAUTOPARAGRAPH
disengages the AUTOPARAGRAPH mode.

.appendix <rno <error <messages
.title ########RNO ERROR MESSAGES
.left margin 8
.right margin 72
.index Error messages
RUNOFF produces error messages in the following format:
.skip
.nofill
.indent +16
RNO -- Error message
.skip
.fill
This appendix tabulates the error messages produced by RNO.
Most of the error messages are self-explanatory. In some cases,
RNO prints the line in which the error has occurred, so that
the user can examine the source line which caused the problem and
correct it.
.list 1
.le
RNO -- INTERNAL BUFFER OVERFLOW
.skip
This message is an internal program error and should never occur
in normal use.
.le
RNO -- ILLEGAL COMMAND
text
ON OUTPUT PAGE
nn
.s
where nn is the page on which the command text occurred.
.le
RNO -- CAN'T JUSTIFY LINE:
text
.s
where text is a line containing no spaces (other than quoted spaces),
so that RNO is unable to justify it.
.le
RNO -- FATAL ERROR, ABORTING
.s
This an message is internal program error and should never occur under
normal use.
.le
RNO -- ERROR ON OUTPUT FILE
.s
A write error has occurred on the output file. One of the following
conditions exists:
.list 1
.le
The device is full or is write protected.
.le
The hardware has failed.
.le
The user does not have write access privileges to the file.
.els
.le
RNO -- ERROR ON INPUT FILE
.s
A read error has occurred on an input file. One of the following
conditions may exist:
.list 1
.le
A problem exists with a physical device (e.g. device cycled down).
.le
The file is corrupted or the format is wrong.
.le
The file is a nonsource file. (Object file, etc.)
.els
.le
RNO -- NOT ENOUGH MEMORY
.s
The input file contained either too many INDEX entries and RNO
ran out of index buffer space or a FOOTNOTE command has caused
overflow of the buffer reserved for footnotes.
RNO stops processing the input file.
The user should delete some index entries and/or reduce the
amount of footnote text for the last page processed.
.bb
Also, <runoff can be installed or run with a larger </inc value.
.eb
.le
RNO -- CAN'T INDENT LIST ELEMENT
.s
The user has nested lists that cause RNO to attempt indenting
beyond the right margin.
.le
RNO -- CAN'T REDUCE MARGINS
.s
A NOTE command occurred after the margins were set to values
that prevent the NOTE command from reducing margins by 15.
.le
RNO -- COMMAND SYNTAX ERROR
.s
The user has entered a command in a format that does not
conform to syntax rules.
.le
RNO -- OUTPUT FILE SPECIFICATION ERROR
.s
An error exists in the output file specification. Correct the
specification and re-enter the command.
.le
RNO -- OUTPUT FILE OPEN FAILURE
.s
The file system, while attempting to open the output file,
has detected an error. One of the following conditions may exist:
.list 1
.le
The user's directory file is protected against an open.
.le
A problem exists with the physical device.
.le
The volume is not mounted.
.le
The specified file directory does not exist.
.le
The device is full of write protected.
.els
.le
RNO -- INPUT FILE SPECIFICATION ERROR
.s
An error exists in the input file specification. Correct the
specification and re-enter the command.
.le
RNO -- INPUT FILE OPEN ERROR
.s
The file system, while attempting to open an input file, has
detected an error. One of the following conditions may exist.
.list 1
.le
The user directory file is protected against an open.
.le
A problem exists with the physical device.
.le
The volume is not mounted.
.le
The specified file directory does not exist.
.le
The file does not exist as specified.
.els
.els

.appendix ^special ^characters
.left margin 8
.rm 72
Below is a list of RUNOFF's special characters. To
.index Special characters
appear in the text, each must be preceded by the underscore
character (itself a special character).
.lm +8.b 2
.nofill
###_^	shift character for upper case
###_\	shift character for lower case
###_<	flag character for upper case#*
.footnote 4
.s
.lm 8
.rm 72
----------
.break
*Only becomes a special character if FLAGS CAPITALIZE is engaged.
!
###_#	quoted space character
###_=	flag character for disabling hyphenation#**
.footnote 2
**Only becomes a special character if FLAGS HYPHENATE is engaged.
!
###_&	underscore
###__	quote special character
.fill
.ax List of Commands (Alphabetical)
.LM 8.RM 72
.TITLE ########^List of Commands (Alphabetical)
.nf
.ts 20,43
^&Command or Abbreviation		Related Commands\&
.s 2
AP	(=autoparagraph)
APPENDIX text (AX)	NUMBER APPENDIX a
AX	(=appendix)
AUTOPARAGRAPH (AP)	NOAUTOPARAGRAPH (NAP)
.s 2
B	(=blank)
BB	(=begin bar)
BEGIN BAR (BB)	END BAR (EB)
BLANK n (B)		SKIP n (S)
BR	(=break)
BREAK (BR)
.s 2
.tp 2
C	(=centre)
CENTER	(=centre)
CENTRE n;text (C)
CH	(=chapter)
CHAPTER text (CH)	NUMBER CHAPTER n
COMMENT text
.s 2
.tp 2
DBB	(= DISABLE BAR)
DISABLE BAR (DBB)	ENABLE BAR (EBB)
DO INDEX text (DX)	PRINT INDEX (PX)
DX	(=do index)
.s 2
.tp 2
EB	(=end bar)
EBB	(=enable bar)
ELS	(=end list)
EN	(=end note)
END BAR (EB)	BEGIN BAR (BB)
ENABLE BAR (EBB)	DISABLE BAR (DBB)
END LIST (ELS)	LIST n (LS)
END LITERAL (ELI)	LITERAL (LIT)
END NOTE (EN)	NOTE text (NT)
END SUBPAGE		SUBPAGE
.s 2
.tp 2
F	(=fill)
FG	(=figure)
FIGURE n (FG)
FILL (F)		NOFILL (NF)
FIRST TITLE text (FT)	TITLE text
FLAGS CAPITALIZE (FL CAPITALIZE)	NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE (NFL)
FLAGS HYPHENATE	HYPHENATION (HY)
FN	(=footnote)
FOOTNOTE n (FN)
FT	(=first title)
.s 2
.tp 2
HD	(=header)
HEADER arg (HD)	NOHEADER (NHD)
####[arg=UPPER, LOWER, or MIXED]
HEADER LEVEL n text (HL)
HL	(=header level)
HY	(=hyphenation)
HYPHENATION (HY)	NO HYPHENATION (NHY)
.s 2
.tp 2
I	(=indent)
INDENT n (I)
INDEX text (X)
.s 2
.tp 2
J	(=justify)
JUSTIFY (J)		NOJUSTIFY (NJ)
.s 2
.tp 2
LC	(=lower case)
LE	(=list element)
LEFT MARGIN n (LM)	RIGHT MARGIN n (RM)
LIST n (LS)		END LIST (ELS)
LIST ELEMENT;text (LE)	END LIST (ELS)
LIT	(=literal)
LITERAL (LIT)	END LITERAL (ELI)
LM	(=left margin)
LOWER CASE (LC)	UPPER CASE (UC)
LS	(=list)
.s 2
.tp 2
NAP	(=noautoparagraph)
NF	(=nofill)
NFL	(=no flags capitalize)
NHD	(=no header)
NHY	(=no hyphenation)
NJ	(=no justify)
NM	(=number)
NNM	(=no number)
NOAUTOPARAGRAPH (NAP)	AUTOPARAGRAPH (AP)
		PARAGRAPH n,v,t (P)
NOFILL (NF)		FILL (F)
NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE (NFL)	FLAGS CAPITALIZE
NOHEADER (NHD)	HEADER arg (HD)
NO HYPHENATION (NHY)	HYPHENATION (HY)
NOJUSTIFY (NJ)	JUSTIFY (J)
NONUMBER (NNM)	NUMBER n (NM)
NOPERIOD (NPR)	PERIOD (PR)
NOTE text (NT)	END NOTE (EN)
NPR	(=no period)
NT	(=note)
NUMBER APPENDIX a	APPENDIX text
NUMBER CHAPTER n	CHAPTER text
.s 2
.tp 2
P	(=paragraph)
PAGE (PG)
PAGE SIZE	(=paper size)
PAPER SIZE v,h (PS, PAGE SIZE)
PARAGRAPH h,v,t (P)
PERIOD (PR)		NOPERIOD (NPR)
PG	(=page)
PRINT INDEX (PX)	DO INDEX text (DX)
PS	(=paper size)
PX	(=print index)
.s 2
.tp 2
RIGHT MARGIN n (RM)
RM	(=right margin)
.s 2
.tp 2
S	(=skip)
SD	(=standard)
SKIP n (S)		BLANK n (B)
SP	(=spacing)
SPACING n (SP)
ST	(=subtitle)
SUBPAGE		END SUBPAGE
SUBTITLE text (ST)
.s 2
.tp 2
T	(=title)
TAB STOPS n,n, ... ,n (TS)
TEST PAGE n (TP)
TITLE text (T)
TP	(=test page)
TS	(=tab stops)
.s 2
.tp 2
UC	(=upper case)
UPPER CASE (UC)	LOWER CASE (LC)
.s 2
.tp 2
X	(=index)

.lm -8
.fill
.number appendix I
.appendix INDEX
.title ########INDEX
.lm 8;.rm 72
.figure 3
.center
(RUNOFF commands appear in upper case.)
.print index
.comment end of text