

NCI/IP-76/06



                            PROC10

           AN IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR THE PDP10

                   OPERATION AND DESCRIPTION



                  NCI/IP Technical Report #8



          P. Lemkin, B. Shapiro, R. Gordon, L. Lipkin

                     Image Processing Unit
           Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis
                   National Cancer Institute
                 National Institutes of Health
                      Bethesda, Md. 20014

                       December 16, 1976


                           ABSTRACT
                           --------
        PROC10, an interactive image processing system, runs on
a  PDP10  computer.  It can manipulate picture, mask, boundary,
boundary transform and computing window data structures. PROC10
provides  many operations on and between these data structures.
Images and boundaries may be  displayed  on  several  different
types  of  terminals including the DEC GT40, Tektronix 4012 and
4023 terminals, and ASR33.
                                   i

                   T A B L E   O F   C O N T E N T S



                                SECTION                             PAGE



 1     Introduction           .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 1
            1.1       Automatic data structure allocation   .  .  .  . 2
            1.2       Image data structures  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3
            1.3       Logical Coordinate System - LCS .  .  .  .  .  . 3
            1.4       Density values   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3
            1.5       Computation windows .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4
            1.6       Mask data structures   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5
            1.7       Resultant images .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5
            1.8       Boundary and boundary transform data
                              structures  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5
            1.9       Display of Images and boundaries   .  .  .  .  . 6
               1.9.1     Omni pictures .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6
               1.9.2     PROC10 Movies .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7
            1.10      State of PROC10  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7
            1.11      Data File Format .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7
            1.12      Neighborhood definition   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8
            1.13      Border definition in neighborhood
                              operations  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8
            1.14      PROC10 command files   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8
            1.15      Addition of new operations and data
                              structures to PROC10 .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9
            1.16      SAIL modules used in PROC10  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9

 2     PROC10 Operators       .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   11
            2.1       PROC10 Special Commands   .  .  .  .  .  .  .   11
               2.1.1     HELP .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   11
               2.1.2     ACTIVEDATA - STATE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   11
               2.1.3     AUTOTITLETOGGLE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   12
               2.1.4     CMD - HELP .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   12
               2.1.5     DELETE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   12
               2.1.6     ENDSESSION .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   12
               2.1.7     GETWINDOW  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   12
               2.1.8     PARAMETERS .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   13
               2.1.9     SAVEWINDOW .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   13
               2.1.10    SETDENSITY .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   13
               2.1.11    SETSAMPLING   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   13
               2.1.12    SETSIZE .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   14
               2.1.13    SETTERMINAL   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   14
               2.1.14    SETTITLE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   14
               2.1.15    SETWINDOW  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   14
               2.1.16    SETLCS  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   15
               2.1.17    TERSE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   15
               2.1.18    TIMERTOGGLE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   15
               2.1.19    VERBOSE .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   15
               2.1.20    DO - I/O   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   15
               2.1.21    ENTER2001  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   16
               2.1.22    AUTOOMNITOGGLE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   16
               2.1.23    KILLOMNI   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   16
               2.1.24    UNPOSTOMNI .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   16
                                   ii

               2.1.25    POSTOMNI   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   16
               2.1.26    DOOMNI  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   17
               2.1.27    SETSCALING .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   17
               2.1.28    NEWMOVIE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   17
               2.1.29    APPENDMOVIE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   17
               2.1.30    RUNMOVIE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   18
               2.1.31    SPLICEMOVIEFRAME .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   18
               2.1.32    REMOVEMOVIEFRAME .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   18
               2.1.33    SETBOUNDARYSCALEFACTOR .  .  .  .  .  .  .   18
            2.2       Picture Operators   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   19
               2.2.1     +    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   19
               2.2.2     MINUS   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   19
               2.2.3     DIFFERENCE .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   19
               2.2.4     *    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   20
               2.2.5     /    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   20
               2.2.6     MAX  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   20
               2.2.7     MIN  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   20
               2.2.8     SCALE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   21
               2.2.9     ROTATE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   21
               2.2.10    COPY .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   21
               2.2.11    AVG4 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   21
               2.2.12    AVG8 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   22
               2.2.13    GRAD4   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   22
               2.2.14    GRAD8   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   22
               2.2.15    FILLPINHOLES  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   23
               2.2.16    SLICE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   23
               2.2.17    NOT  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   23
               2.2.18    EXPAND  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   23
               2.2.19    SHRINK  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   24
               2.2.20    SHIFT   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   24
               2.2.21    SEGMENT .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   24
               2.2.22    WHITENOISE - GENERATOR .  .  .  .  .  .  .   25
               2.2.23    ZERO .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   25
               2.2.24    DELSQPIX - SCALAR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   25
               2.2.25    FINDWINDOW - SCALAR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   25
               2.2.26    HISTOGRAMPIX  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   26
               2.2.27    SHOW - I/O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   26
               2.2.28    READ - I/O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   27
               2.2.29    WRITE - I/O   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   27
               2.2.30    DELETE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   27
               2.2.31    AREA - SCALAR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   27
               2.2.32    DENSITY - SCALAR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   28
               2.2.33    PERIMETER - SCALAR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   28
               2.2.34    MOMENTS - SCALAR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   28
               2.2.35    LAPLACE8   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   28
               2.2.36    INSERT  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   29
               2.2.37    EXTRACT .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   29
               2.2.38    EXTREMA - SCALAR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   29
               2.2.39    LINCOMB .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   30
               2.2.40    LISTSEGMENTS - STATE   .  .  .  .  .  .  .   30
               2.2.41    ZOOM .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   30
               2.2.42    MAKEPIX .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   30
               2.2.43    PRINT - I/O   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   31
               2.2.44    TEXTURE1 - SCALAR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   31
               2.2.45    TEXTURE2 - SCALAR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   31
               2.2.46    TEXTURE3 - SCALAR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   32
               2.2.47    FILTER  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   32
                                  iii

            2.3       Mask Operators   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   33
               2.3.1     AND  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   33
               2.3.2     OR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   33
               2.3.3     MINUS   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   33
               2.3.4     COPY .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   33
               2.3.5     NOT  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   33
               2.3.6     ZERO .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   34
               2.3.7     READ - I/O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   34
               2.3.8     WRITE - I/O   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   34
               2.3.9     DELETE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   34
               2.3.10    MCIRCLE - GENERATOR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   34
               2.3.11    RECTANGLE - GENERATOR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   35
               2.3.12    SPHERE - GENERATOR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   35
               2.3.13    SQUARE - GENERATOR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   35
               2.3.14    WHOLE - GENERATOR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   35
               2.3.15    MSLICE - GENERATOR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   36
               2.3.16    MSEGMENT - GENERATOR   .  .  .  .  .  .  .   36
               2.3.17    AREA - SCALAR .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   36
               2.3.18    PERIMETER - SCALAR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   36
            2.4       Boundary Operators  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   37
               2.4.1     COPY .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   37
               2.4.2     ZERO .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   37
               2.4.3     READ - I/O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   37
               2.4.4     WRITE - I/O   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   37
               2.4.5     DELETE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   37
               2.4.6     SHOW - I/O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   38
               2.4.7     AREA    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   38
               2.4.8     PERIMETER - SCALAR  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   38
               2.4.9     CIRCLETRANSFORM  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   38
               2.4.10    ICIRCLETRANSFORM .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   39
               2.4.11    SUBARCS .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   39
               2.4.12    LISTTRANSFORM - I/O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   39
               2.4.13    FOURIERTRANSFORM .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   39
               2.4.14    IFOURIERTRANSFORM   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   39
               2.4.15    WALSHTRANSFORM   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   39
               2.4.16    IWALSHTRANSFORM  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   40
               2.4.17    CENTFOURIERTRANSFORM   .  .  .  .  .  .  .   40
               2.4.18    ICENTFOURIERTRANSFORM  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   40
               2.4.19    LISTBOUNDARY - I/O  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   40

 3     References             .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   41
                              Introduction                             1

                               SECTION 1

                              Introduction
                              ------------



        PROC10,  an  interactive   image   processing   system,
currently  runs  on  the  PDP10  at  the National Institutes of
Health.     It can manipulate picture, mask, boundary, boundary
transform  and  computing  window  data  structures.     PROC10
provides a wide range of operations on and between  these  data
structures.   Images and boundaries may be displayed on several
different types of terminals including the DEC GT40,  Tektronix
4012  and  4023 terminals, and ASR33. This document is oriented
toward describing the system from the point of view of a  user.
PROC10 is written in PDP10 SAIl [VanL73].

        It is an enhanced version  of  the  PROCES  interactive
image  processing  program [Lem75] which runs on the PDP8e part
of the Real Time Picture Processor (RTPP)  ([Lem74],  [Carm74],
[Lem76a])   at  the  Image  Processing  Unit,  National  Cancer
Institute.      PROC10, written in SAIL [VanL73], includes  all
of  the RTPP PROCES operations.           The philosophy of the
PROC10 system is that one brings image, mask or  boundary  DDTG
[Lem76b]  data files into core, operates on them and then saves
them  as  DDTG  formated  data   files   (to   be   discussed).
Alternatively,  data  may  be  read  into  the program as Ascii
numbers (to be discussed) and converted to the format  used  by
PROC10.    The  final  state  of  a PROC10 session may be saved
(including images, masks etc.) and reentered later.

        PROC10  can display gray scale images and boundaries on
any of four terminals:    ASR33 type terminal,  Tektronix  4012
(see  [Gor76])  or 4023, or DEC GT40 as well as printing images
on a lineprinter in various dump  modes.  Pictures,  boundaries
and  transforms  may  be written out as PDP10 files. Picrutures
and boundaries are in a format which can be read  by  the  RTPP
for display on the DICOMED or video displays.

        Commands are entered one  per  line  from  the  display
terminal  teletype.  Alternatively,  sequential commands may be
entered indirectly via  a  command  file  using  the  DO  <file
specification> construction.

        The system contains many user aids. Type  HELP  to  get
further  instructions.  To  get  a  list of all of the possible
commands, type CMD followed by the carriage return  key.    All
commands are terminated by typing the return key.

        To  find  out  the  specific  syntax and semantics of a
particular command, type

        HELP <specific command>

        Commands  with  the "TOGGLE" postfix act to reverse the
current sense of the switch associated with the  command.   For
                                   1
2                             Introduction

example,  TIMERTOGGLE turns the command execution time timer on
and off with successive invocations.

Commands may be entered as  short  forms  with  enough  letters
(minimum of 3) for the system to  guess  it  uniquely.  Further
prompts  are  given if required.   Commands are of two distinct
forms as expressed in  the  following  BNF-like  specifications
(where ' _ ' is the backarrow character):

[1]     <command> <arguments separated by spaces or commas>
  or
        <command> <name>

[2]     <name>_<name><operator><name>,<opt. args>,<opt. mask>
  or
        <name>_<unary operator><name>,<opt. args>,<opt. mask>

Where:  <name>::= <DSK: file> | <window> | <pix> | <mask> |
                <boundary> | <boundary transform>
        <window>::= W1 | W2 | .. | W32
        <pix>::= P1 | P2 | .. | P32
        <mask>::= M1 | M2 | ... | M32
        <boundary>::= B1 | B2 | ... | B32 | <segment boundary>
        <segment boundary>::= B33 | B34 | ... | B300
        <boundary transform>::= T1 | T2 | ... | T32


1.1 Automatic data structure allocation
---------------------------------------

        As  is  common  in other interactive languages (such as
MLAB [Knott73], PRDL [Lem76c]) the use of a data structure name
as  an  output  operand (such as P1 in P1_READ MAR001.PIX) will
cause computer storage to be allocated for that data  structure
the  first  time it is used. This eliminates the need to either
allocate storage when the system is loaded or to have the  user
request  (via the program) storage explicitly.    This implicit
storage  allocation  holds  for  pictures,  masks,  boundaries,
boundary  transforms  and  computing windows.   This storage is
automatically allocated using the LEAP 'ITEMS' with  associated
integer  array  datums  (For  those  who are interested in this
mechanism, see SAIL manual for discussion of items  and  datums
[VanL73].).

        While data structures are  automatically  created  when
the  name  of  the structure is used as an output operand, they
must be explicitly deleted using the DELETE command.  If a data
structure  such  as  P3  contains  an  image which is no longer
needed and the user wishes to use P3  to  hold  the  result  of
another  operation, then by just using it in that operation the
old contents of P3 are replaced with the new contents. Thus the
DELETE command should be used only when no further  use  of  an
image or boundary structure is intended.




                                  1.1
                              Introduction                             3

1.2 Image data structures
-------------------------

        Images are referenced by their picture name  Pi  (i  in
the  interval  [1:32])  and  are power of 2 size square integer
arrays of density values with the largest  size  being  256x256
pixels  and  the  smallest  16x16.  The  pixels  are  packed  4
pixels/PDP10 36-bit  word  (so  that  a  256x256  (65K  pixels)
occupies 16K PDP10 words.) Thus a pixel may have a maximum gray
value of 511 taking 9-bits.


1.3 Logical Coordinate System - LCS
-----------------------------------

        The   Logical   Coordinate   System   (LCS)   of  image
coordinates is that used by the RTPP and DDTG display  systems.
The  LCS  is used to position an image on the display terminal.
The LCS has the origin (x,y) = (0,0)  at  the  upper  left-hand
corner  and  (x,y) = (1023,1023) at the lower right-hand corner
(as a maximum which  only  exists  on  certain  devices  -  see
[Lem76a]).  Positive  X is to the right and positive Y is down.
There are no negative coordinates.   The LCS  is  specified  by
setting  the  upper-left  hand  corner  of  the image using the
SETLCS <x>, <y> command in PROC10.     The default LCS value is
(0,0)  for the ASR33, TK4023 and (256,256) for the DEC GT40 and
Tektronix 4012.  The latter default is done to allow  the  user
room  on the screen to type a few PROC10 command lines starting
at (0,0) after an image is displayed.

        Not to be confused witht the full LCS just described is
a relative LCS of size [0:n-1,0:n-1] where n is the size of the
image.  The relative LCS is used in seting the computing window
and in the SEGMENT operations as well as other operations.


1.4 Density values
------------------

        Various operations  use  density  threshold  values  as
inputs.   These are supplied explicitly in the arguments of the
operation. A global threshold value is  available  for  use  by
some  of the commands (SLICE, AREA, DENSITY, PERIMETER, MSLICE,
etc). It is set via the SETDENSITY command or  in  the  EXTREMA
operation  and  used in  for  a  command  by  specifying  the
USETHReshold   switch.      SETDENSITY   permits   setting  the
global density threshold.

        The  maximum  computing  density  value  is the largest
number (which is a power of 2 less 1, i.e. 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63,
127,  255,  511)  to be allowed in a gray scale calculation. It
can not be larger than 9 bits (511). It is  used  in  all  gray
scale  operations where a new gray scale value is computed such
that all computed gray  values  are  clipped  to  this  maximum
computing density value. It is specified using  the  SETDENSITY
command and has a default of 255.

                               1.2 - 1.4
4                             Introduction

        Images  as defined internally in PROC10 can store up to
9-bits of gray scale, while image files can store up to  8-bits
maximum.      The  density  mapping  is  0 (minimum density) is
white  and  255  (maximum  density)  is  black).    Internally,
grayscale  arithmetic  operations  are  performed with clipping
such that if the resultant gray value is < 0 it is set to 0; if
it  is  >  the maximum computing value it is set to the maximum
computing value.

        The SHOW command uses two dynamic-range density  values
(dmax,dmin)  which  are  defined  with  the SETDENSITY command.
The default (dmax,dmin)=(255,0).

        Gamma  correction is performed using the scaling factor
(set using the SETSCALING command). The default scaling is   0.
No gamma correction is performed if the scaling is 0.  That is,
for a display with N possible display  gray  levels  (including
blank)  the  dynamic  range of the data is adjusted so that for
display level d(x,y) and gray level g(x,y):

    If scaling=0
        Then d(x,y)=(N/(dmax-dmin))*(g(x,y)-dmin)
        Else d(x,y)=N*scaling*(g(x,y)/(dmax-dmin))


1.5 Computation windows
-----------------------

        Operations are  performed  over  a  computation  window
defined   by   the  4-tuple  (firstrow,  lastrow,  firstcolumn,
lastcolumn). That is, the computation is  performed  only  over
that  rectangular  region  of  the  image upon which the window
covers.   The computation window  may  be  saved  and  restored
under  the  names  Wi  (i  in  [1:32]) using the SAVEWINDOW and
GETWINDOW commands. All image operations are performed over the
computation  window.  Initially, this window is set to the full
picture size (256x256) but may be  changed  by  the  SETWINDOW,
SETSIZE,  or  FINDWINDOW operations.     If masks are used with
picture  operations,  the  actual  computation  domain  is  the
logical AND of the two.

        A  default  window of 256x256 pixels is used throughout
the PROC10, RTPP, and DDTG systems.  When  the  image  size  is
changed  in  PROC10  to  another size NxN using the SETSIZE <N>
operator, then the computing window is reset to the full window
(NxN)  for  the new image size.  Note that N will be rounded up
to the first power of 2, such that N is less than or  equal  to
2**j.    This window is the default computing window in PROC10.
To avoid confusion, it is noted  here  that  when  sampling  is
mentioned  in PROC10, it refers to the sampling for the display
but not for general  computation,  sampling  is  only  done  on
display operations and in the ZOOM operation.





                                  1.5
                              Introduction                             5

1.6 Mask data structures
------------------------

        Masks are power of 2 size square arrays (as are images)
of 0's and 1's.  Most picture operations may be performed under
a  mask  which  is  to  say that only those parts of the images
lying within the mask will be operated upon.    If a mask Mi is
mentioned in an image operation then the operation is performed
on only those pixels for which Mi(r,c)=1.  An  example  of  the
syntax is:

        P2 _ GRAD8 P1,M7.

        Masks may be created using various mask generators some
such   as   MCIRCLE,   SPHERE,   SQUARE   and   MRECTANGLE  are
parametrically  specified  while  others  such  as  MSLICE  and
MSEGMENT create masks from performing operations on images.


1.7 Resultant images
--------------------

        The image  resulting  from  an  image  operation  is  a
displayable  gray scale image. The one exception is the SEGMENT
operator. This operator produces an image consisting of labeled
components   which   have   connected   region   pixel   values
corresponding to the component number. Component numbers are in
the  range [1:253] whereas background pixels are defined by a 0
value. The mask MSEGMENT operator will  generate  a  mask  from
such a connected component image given the image and the number
of the connected component.  That  is, those  portions  of  the
segmented  image  containing  the desired component number will
cause a 1 to be placed in the corresponding mask position.

        The resultant pixels of image and mask operations are a
subset  of  all possible pixel locations in the output image or
mask (i.e. of maximum image size). In  the  case  of  pictures,
this  domain is restricted by the computing window and optional
masks.   In  the case of masks, the domain is restricted by the
computing window and the mask generator if used. Thus,  if  the
same output operand (such as P3 or M4 etc.) is used for several
different  operations,  then  a  composite  image  or  mask  is
created.  This  is possible since performing an operation on an
existing output operand does not  zero  it  before  doing  that
operation.



1.8 Boundary and boundary transform data structures
---------------------------------------------------

        A boundary is a 2xN array defined by the user with name
Bi (i in [1:32] for  user  defined  boundaries)  or  Bi  (i  in
[33:300])  defined  by  the  SEGMENT  operation  where n is the
number of boundary pixels.

        The  picture  operator  MAKPIX  maps  a one-dimensional
                               1.6 - 1.8
6                             Introduction

boundary Bi into  a  two-dimensional  picture  by  coloring  in
pixels  in  Pi.    Boundaries  may  be operated on using either
boundary or boundary transform operators.      The latter  have
data  structure  names (T1, T2, ...).   The transform operators
include the circle, complex and centroid Fourier, and  centroid
Walsh  transforms  ([ShapB76a],  [ShapB76b])  as  well as their
inverses.


1.9 Display of Images and boundaries
------------------------------------

        PROC10  offers  two  display  modes (not to be confused
with types of display terminals). These are gray scale  display
of  images  invoked by doing SHOW Pi, and line drawing displays
of boundaries (or parts of boundaries) invoked  by  doing  SHOW
Bi.  The parameter 'sampling distance' (set by SETSAMPLING)  is
used  to  specify  the  picture  sampling  distance for doing a
grayscale image SHOW. For gray scale images, as  was  mentioned
before  in  the  section  on  density  values,  linear or gamma
corrected density mapping is performed on the image gray values
to form the display density values.

        The  command  PRINT  Pi  causes  pictures  within   the
computing  window  to be printed on the lineprinter or teletype
as either 8 level gray scale, single character  hexidecimal  or
as  (0-511)  decimal numbers. Both SHOW Pi and PRINT Pi will do
output only from that part of Pi inside the computing window.



1.9.1 Omni pictures
-------------------

        If either the GT40 or Tektronix 4012 display  terminals
are  used,  it  is  possible  to  have  more  than  one picture
displayed at a time.   This mechanism is implemented using  the
PDP10  OMNIGRAPH  software  [CCB76].     In OMNIGRAPH, pictures
correspond to data  structures  called  'display  files'.    In
PROC10,  these  display  files  are referenced by Pi or Bi data
structure names. The PARAMETERS command will list the names  of
the  active posted (displayed) and unposted display files which
have been taken off of the display.

        The PROC10 default is to  have  only  one  active  OMNI
picture at a time.    To display multiple pictures (boundaries,
or histograms), the  AUTOOMNITOGGLE  command  may  be  invoked.
When on, every displayable data structure picture, histogram or
boundary will be assigned a unique Omni  picture  display  file
when  that structure is requested to be displayed. Furthermore,
the image will remain on the display screen until a request  is
made by the user to unpost or kill it (UNPOSTOMNI or KILLOMNI).
An unposted Omni picture may be restored to  view  by  doing  a
POSTOMNI  on the previously unposted picture.    In the case of
the  Tektronix  4012  terminal,  these display commands are not
activated until the DOOMNI command is invoked.

                                  1.9
                              Introduction                             7

1.9.2 PROC10 Movies
-------------------

        It  is  possible  to  construct  a  sequence of picture
frames which may be displayed  in  a  particular  order.   This
structure  is called a movie. Only one movie may be constructed
at a time. The movie can be shown on any terminal. However,  if
a GT40 is used and Omni numbering is on, once pictures are sent
to the GT40, future showings of the movie  will  preceed  at  a
rapid  rate.  If on the otherhand the display is not setup like
this, then the pictures must  be  transmitted  from  the  PDP10
frame by frame and no rapid frame change rate is possible.


1.10 State of PROC10
--------------------

        The state of PROC10 in between picture  operations  may
be  determined by the user.  The command PARAMETERS may be used
to print the values of the density  setting,  active  computing
and  sampling  windows;  the  display  terminal  type; lists of
posted, unposted and movie picture  names;  and  state  of  the
automatic  titling  and  OMNI switches.

        The command ACTIVEDATA may be used to print the  names,
titles,  and associated parameters of the pictures, boundaries,
masks and saved computing windows  defined  in  the  system  to
date.

        Various  other  parameters  may be set using one of the
SET- commands such as SETDENSITY, SETTITLE etc.   Typing a SET-
command without arguments causes the old parameter values to be
typed followed by a request for the new values (if different).


1.11 Data File Format
---------------------

        Pictures  are  (2**N)x(2**N)  pixel  8-bit  gray  level
images.  Masks are (2**N)x(2**N) pixel 1-bit images. Boundaries
are  variable  length  arrays  of  (x,y)  8-bit  bytes  with  a
(0,0),(0,0)  at  the  end  of  the  list to denote end of list.
Transforms are one-dimensional 36-bit arrays with every N words
of  data  constituting  an  entry  depending  on  the  type  of
transform being represented.

        PROC10 is able to read PDP10 data files  in  both  DDTG
format  and  as  a  list  of  Ascii numbers.    The former mode
incorporates a file header which  serves  as  a  check  on  the
validity  of  the data (since data file typing is used) as well
as providing the data structure  size  (i.e.  image  size)  and
title  information.   The  NUMBER  mode  (used  with  the  READ
command) allows access to PROC10 from scanners, etc., different
from  those  producing DDTG formated files.   NUMBER input mode
accepts (2**Nx2**N) Ascii gray values specified in the file  as
numbers separated by spaces or commas where carrage return/line
feeds are ignored.   The size 2**N  must  be  set  previous  to
                              1.10 - 1.11
8                             Introduction

executing  the  READ command by doing a SETSIZE command. PROC10
only writes DDTG formatted files.

        Picture files are currenly  being  transmitted  between
the  RTPP  and  the  PDP10  via  PDP10  DECTAPE  or MAG10/MAG8e
[Shap76c].

        The Optronics  rotary  scanning  densitometer  produces
raster  scan  data  with  windows  much  larger than 256x256. A
program written by B. Trus and R. Gordon called OP.EXE[606,552]
with  command  file  OP.CMD[606,552] is used to extract 256x256
pixel square windows for use as  "NUMBER"  formated  files  for
input to DDTG.

        The  DDTG  format is described in the DDTG users manual
[Lem76b] as well as IO.SAI in a table listing the  formats  and
characteristics  of  the  different data file types.      It is
fairly easy to write conversion programs to  take  power  of  2
size  gray  scale  images  in  other  formats and generate DDTG
compatible files using procedures in IO.SAI. Such  files  could
then be accessed by PROC10.


1.12 Neighborhood definition
----------------------------

        The  current  neighborhood  of  an  image  is   a   3x3
rectangular  array  of  image  gray  values which is tesselated
through the image according to the particular  operation.   The
pixels  are  labeled  as  follows  for  the  PROC10  operations
which will be discussed:

        3 2 1
        4 8 0
        5 6 7.



1.13 Border definition in neighborhood operations
-------------------------------------------------

        In   certain   neighborhood   operations   which    map
neighborhoods to pixels (such  as  GRAD4/8,  LAPLACE8,  EXPAND,
SHRINK, etc.) the border pixels of the computing window are not
defined.   The system default is to set these pixels to zero. A
better  default which may be used in the future is to set these
border pixels to adjacent values.


1.14 PROC10 command files
-------------------------

        All  teletype  command input to PROC10 may be specified
indirectly  through  a  PDP10  command  file.  The   DO   <file
specification> command is used to direct PROC10 to accept input
from the specified file rather than from the teletype.  Command
files  are  useful  in  applying a sequence of operations to an
                              1.12 - 1.14
                              Introduction                             9

image after the sequence has been interactively developed.

        The ENTER2001 and LEAVE2001 commands allow the user  to
go  back  and forth between PROC10 and the PDP10 monitor (via a
pseudo teletype) without detaching the PROC10 job. DO files can
then  easily  be created or modified with a text editor such as
TECO or SOS while in 2001 mode.


1.15 Addition of new operations and data structures to PROC10
-------------------------------------------------------------

        Currently,  new operations are added by editing the new
procedures and command information into the PROC10  parser  and
interpreters  as well as implementing the actual operation in a
'worker' package. The system must  be  recompiled,  loaded  and
saved.


1.16 SAIL modules used in PROC10
--------------------------------

        The following list of PDP10 files are required to build
a  PROC10.EXE  core image file.  The files are listed here in a
tree-like manner to reflect the structure  of  the  system  (to
some  extent). Some modules such as PRCMAX, PRCINV, PRCWRK etc.
are used by many other modules so that this  structure  is  not
apparent.

[1] Globally used files
PROC10.SAI - the main
DEFINE.REQ - macro definitions used everywhere
GETABL.SAI (.REQ) - get break table number
IO.SAI (.REQ) - DDTG/PROC10 data file I/O pkg
BOUND.SAI (.REQ) - user bounded input pkg
        DARRAY.SAI (.REQ) - display histogram on OMNI terminal
        ARINFO.SAI (.REQ) - ITEM array debugging procedure
        CVADJ.SAI (.REQ) - array debugging procedure
        CVT.SAI (.REQ) - floating string conversion with
                        no trailing 0's
SYS:DISPRM.SAI - OMNI External declation pkg
SAIFIX.MAC - SAIL fix.

[2]  The  following  are  the  worker  routines  and   external
variables for the mini-interpreters
PRCMAX.SAI (.REQ) - macro definitions of array sizes
PRCINV.SAI (.REQ) - global INTERNAL variables
PRCWRK.SAI (.REQ) - data structure alloc/dealloc, parser

        [2.1] Special command interpreter
        SINTRP.SAI (.REQ) - interpreter
                SPAK.SAI (.REQ) - worker routines
                SAVER.SAI (.REQ) - reenter pkg
                PTYPKG.SAI (.REQ) - pseudo TTY: pkg

        [2.2] Picture operator interpreter
        PINTRP.SAI (.REQ) - interpreter
                              1.15 - 1.16
10

                PPAK.SAI (.REQ) - picture and mask operations
                HLFTON.SAI (.REQ) - gray scale display pkg
                        GTDISP.SAI (.REQ) - GT40 handler
                        TK4012.SAI (.REQ) - TK4012 handler
                        TK4023.SAI (.REQ) - TK4023 handler
                        CROSSH.SAI (.REQ) - TK4012 cross hairs
                PIXDMP.SAI (.REQ) - picture LPT: dumper

        [2.3] Mask operator interpreter
        MINTRP.SAI (.REQ) - interpreter
                (Also uses PPAK)

        [2.4] Boundary and arc operator interpreter
        BINTRP.SAI (.REQ) - interpreter
                1DPAK.SAI (.REQ) - boundary/boundary-
                                        transforms pkg
                LINPAK.SAI (.REQ) - geometric operations pkg
                        ANGNRM.F4 - Fortran angle normalization
                        FORT.SAI (.REQ) - SAIL EQV of some
                                Fortran builtin functions
                        CPAK.SAI (.REQ) - Complex arith. pkg
                BDISP.SAI (.REQ) - boundary display pkg

        The  system  consists  of  a  simple  line-scan  parser
(ANALYZE!CMD  in PRCWRK.SAI) which detects data structure types
both by the operator and the  operand  character  (ie.   Pi  is
picture,  Bi is boundary, etc.). Semantic checking is performed
to discriminate what data type is involved when operator  names
have more than one meaning (as with ZERO, DELETE, etc.).

        Each  data  structure  has  a  separate sub-interpreter
(SINTRP, PINTRP, MINTRP, BINTRP) except in the case of boundary
transforms  (Ti) which are included in the boundary interpreter
(BINTRP) since the two data types are  closely  tied  together.
Each interpreter maps the parsed scan line from string space to
item  space  and  then  dispatches  the   specified   operation
(generally  to  a  procedure  in a worker package such as SPAK,
PPAK, OR 1DPACK) via a CASE statement.

        The system is rebuilt as follows:

        [1] Compile each .SAI file with (H) sharable switch.
        [2] Load the system with LOAD PROC10
        [3] Save the system with SAVE DSK:PROC10













                                  1.16
                            PROC10 Operators                          11

                               SECTION 2

                            PROC10 Operators
                            ----------------



        The  following  four  subsections  list  the   special,
picture,  mask and boundary operators. Note that some operators
such as READ, WRITE, DELETE, SHOW, etc. appear  in  several  of
these   operator  lists.  The  particular  command  implied  is
determined by the context in which the operator is  used.  Thus
DELETE  W1  will  delete  window #1 while DELETE P2 will delete
image 2.


2.1 PROC10 Special Commands
---------------------------

        PROC10   special   commands  operate  across  all  data
structures  or  are  generally  data   structure   independent,
compared  to  the specific picture, mask and boundary operators
to be discussed in later sections.



2.1.1 HELP
----------

        The HELP command is used to  supply  information  about
the PROC10 system in general (no arguments used) or the  syntax
and  semantics  of  specific  commands. In the latter case, the
HELP  is  followed  by  the  command  in  question.  The   file
PROC10.HLP   is   searched  for  numbered  paragraphs  for  the
specified command.  If the command does not exist in  PROC10  a
message to that effect is printed.
         HELP <Opt. command name>


2.1.2 ACTIVEDATA - STATE
------------------------

        Print the names and related parameters  of  the  entire
data base, selected data structures, or of  a  particular  data
structure (i.e. P3 or B6 etc). If a boundary was created  using
the  SEGMENT  operation, then an association exists between the
resultant   connected   component   image   and  each  boundary
associated with a connected component. This association  has  a
property  list  consisting  of  (component number, first row of
boundary, first column of boundary, area,  number  of  boundary
pixels,  density,  boundary  name,  touching  computing  window
predicate, component image name). The property  list  for  each
associated  boundary  is  printed  with the connected component
image information.
        ACTIVEDATA <opt. Pix, Mask, Boundary, Transform
                or Window> --or--
                <Opt. specific Pi, Mi, Bi, Ti, or Wi>
                                  2.1
12                          PROC10 Operators

2.1.3 AUTOTITLETOGGLE
---------------------

        AUTOTITLETOGGLE  turns  the automatic titling on or off
each time the command is executed. When on,  auto-titling  will
use  as  the  title  of  the  current output data structure the
command used to generate it. When  it  is  off,  the  title  is
requested from the user.
        AUTOTITLETOGGLE


2.1.4 CMD - HELP
----------------

        CMD prints the lists of all the legal  PROC10  commands
available.   It  may  also  be  used with a modifier to print a
subset of these commands.
        CMD <Opt. Commands or Picture or Mask or Boundary>


2.1.5 DELETE
------------

        DELETE deletes from the data base the previously  saved
computing  window  Wi.  The  saved  window  Wi  was the 4-tuple
(first row, last row, first column, last column).
         DELETE <Window Wi>


2.1.6 ENDSESSION
----------------

        The  ENDSESSION  command exits PROC10 and return to the
PDP10 monitor.  The core image  may  then  be  saved  at  PDP10
monitor  level  by  doing  a  SAVE <session file name> or NSAVE
<session file name>. The session core image may be restarted at
a future time by doing a GET <session file name>, REENTER PDP10
monitor command sequence.
        ENDSESSION


2.1.7 GETWINDOW
---------------

        GETWINDOW   is  sued  to  restore  a  previously  saved
computing  window.  It  sets  the  current   computing   window
(first row, last rows, first column,  last  column)  and  image
size to that of the previously saved computing window Wi.
        GETWINDOW <Window Wi>








                                  2.1
                            PROC10 Operators                          13



2.1.8 PARAMETERS
----------------

        The  PARAMETERS  command  prints  the values of various
parameters which comprise the state of the PROC10 system. These
include:    WHITENOISE  mean  and  standard  deviation  of  the
generator densities; global threshold; SHOW min and max display
densities,  display  sampling  distance, display terminal type,
gray scale  scaling  ratio  (for  display);  computing  window;
autotitling  switch; autoOMNI numbering switch; pictures in the
post, unpost and movie lists.
        PARAMETERS


2.1.9 SAVEWINDOW
----------------

        SAVEWINDOW   saves   the   current   computing   window
(first/last  rows,  first/last columns) and image size (a title
for this saved state  will  be  requested)  as  a  window  data
structure.
         SAVEWINDOW <Window Wi>


2.1.10 SETDENSITY
-----------------

        Various density related parameters  are  used  in  many
PROC10  operations.     In  particular,  SETDENSITY may set the
global threshold (for use with SLICE, AREA, DENSITY, etc.)  and
maximum black density in bits (i.e. 8 bits is 256 gray levels).
It also sets the min and max display densities used in the SHOW
operation.
        SETDENSITY <thresold dens>, <compute density precision>,
                 <min display density>, <max display density>



2.1.11 SETSAMPLING
------------------

        The display sampling distance refers to the inter-pixel
distance used in image displays with the SHOW command. If it is
>0  then the sampling square with the sample pixel in the upper
left hand corner averaged and this average  displayed.  If  the
sampling  distance  is  <0  then  the sample pixel is displayed
without averaging. Note that when sampling is done, thin  edges
may  not appear due to the position of the edge relative to the
sampled pixel.
        SETSAMPLING <distance: (>0) to avg, (<0) to not avg display)





                                  2.1
14                          PROC10 Operators

2.1.12 SETSIZE
--------------

        Image computations are performed  on  images  of  fixed
sizes.  The  current image size must be a power of 2. This size
is set using the SETSIZE command which sets the  working  image
size to the nearest power of 2 which will hold the image of the
size specified. The computing window is opened up to  the  full
window for this computed power of 2.
        SETSIZE <Image size i.e. 16 through 256>



2.1.13 SETTERMINAL
------------------

        The SETTERMINAL command sets the current display device
to the type specified. Note that if your terminal is neither  a
DEC GT40, Tektronix 4012 or 4023 then assign the ASR33 teletype
like terminal.   The DEC GT40, Tektronix 4023 and ASR33 have  8
simulated  density  levels  while  the  Tektronix  4012  has 17
simulated density levels.
        SETTERMINAL  <Terminal  type  ASR33,  GT40, 4012, 4023>


2.1.14 SETTITLE
---------------

        Every data structure (picture, boundary, mask, boundary
transform, window) has an associated title which is used during
I/O,   display   (via  SHOW),  or  during  state  interrogation
(ACTIVEDATA). The  SETTITLE  allows  the  user  to  change  (or
specify) the title of the specified data structure.
        SETTITLE <Picture, Mask, Boundary, Transform,
                or Window name>


2.1.15 SETWINDOW
----------------

        The computing window is a 4-tuple (first-row, last-row,
first-column, last-column) which is used in most image and mask
operations to specifiy the region of active computation. It may
be specified or changed using the SETWINDOW command.
        SETWINDOW <First row, last row, first column,
                last column>











                                  2.1
                            PROC10 Operators                          15



2.1.16 SETLCS
-------------

        The position of the  display  window  upper  left  hand
corner  is  defined  in  the  logical  coordinate system (LCS).
Theupper left hand corner of the image is denoted by (Xp,Yp) in
PROC10.  The LCS as was mentioned before has (0,0) as the upper
left hand corner  and  (1023,1023)  as  the  lower  right  hand
corner. The SETLCS command changes the values of (Xp,Yp).   The
Tektronix 4012 display has an active LCS region  (0:779,0:779),
the DEC GT40 (0:769,0:769), and the Tektronix 4023 (0:80,0:24).
As the range of the LCS for the ASR33  and  Tektronix  4023  is
very  small  it  only makes sense to change the LCS for the DEC
GT40 or Tektronix 4012.
        SETLCS <Display XP upper L.H.C.>,<YP upper L.H.C>


2.1.17 TERSE
------------

        Two question and answer interaction modes are available
(verbose and terse).   The TERSE command sets PROC10 to a terse
question and answer mode. Terse mode is the default.
        TERSE


2.1.18 TIMERTOGGLE
------------------

        TIMERTOGGLE turns the timing switch on or off each time
it  is  executed.      When  on,  it  prints  the  CPU, RUN and
(CPU/RUN)*100% times taken for each user directed operation.
        TIMERTOGGLE


2.1.19 VERBOSE
--------------

        Two question and answer interaction modes are available
(verbose  and  terse).    The  VERBOSE command sets PROC10 to a
verbose question and answer mode for more informative  prompts.
Terse mode is the default.
        VERBOSE


2.1.20 DO - I/O
---------------

        The  DO  command  executes  an Ascii command file which
contains a list of commands and expected responses  to  command
questions.  It replaces the user commands and responses usually
entered from the teletype.  The use of the Do files facilitates
the implementation of image processing procedures.
        DO <Opt. Dev:><Command file><Opt. [Proj,Prog]>

                                  2.1
16                          PROC10 Operators

2.1.21 ENTER2001
----------------

        It is sometimes useful  to  leave  the  PROC10  command
structure  and enter the PDP10 monitor. This is done by issuing
the  ENTER2001  command  and  having  subsequent  teletype  I/O
communicate  with  the PDP10 monitor through a pseudo teletype.
Upon entering the pseudo teletype connection all output send to
you  by the PDP10 is prefaced with a "<" and all input expected
of you is promted by a ">". Having set up the  pseudo  teletype
channel,  you may log in again.  This permits the interrogation
of directories, text editing, etc. without leaving  the  PROC10
core  image.    Typing LEAVE2001 returns you to PROC10.   Don't
forget to logoff while talking  to  the  PDP10  monitor  before
returning  to  PROC10.  Also, if you control/C out of 2001, the
2001 job you may have created will become detached.
        ENTER2001  (type  LEAVE2001  to  return)


2.1.22 AUTOOMNITOGGLE
---------------------

        The  AUTOOMNITOGGLE  command  turns  the automatic Omni
'display file' generation  switch  on  or  off  each  time  the
command  is  executed.   When  on and the DEC GT40 or Tektronix
4012 displays are being used, each picture is assigned a unique
OMNI  display  file.  This permits having more than one picture
on the display at a time.
        AUTOOMNITOGGLE


2.1.23 KILLOMNI
---------------

        Omni pictures created when the AUTOOMNITOGGLE is on may
be deleted using the KILLOMNI command.  This  will  delete  the
omni  picture  specified.  If the ALL switch is specified, then
delete  all Omni pictures and clear the screen. It is primarily
used when the Tektronix 4012 or DEC GT40 display is active.
        KILLOMNI <OMNI picture name>, <Opt. ALL switch>


2.1.24 UNPOSTOMNI
-----------------

        The   UNPOSTOMNI   command   temporarily   removes  the
specified  Omni  picture  currently  posted on the display (DEC
GT40 or Tektronix 4012 displays only).
        UNPOSTOMNI <OMNI picture name>


2.1.25 POSTOMNI
---------------

        The  POSTOMNI  command  restores   the   Omni   picture
specified  which  had  previously  been   unposted   with   the
UNPOSTOMNI command.
                                  2.1
                            PROC10 Operators                          17

        POSTOMNI <OMNI picture name>


2.1.26 DOOMNI
-------------

        The DOOMNI command  causes  POSTOMNI  and  UNPOST  omni
picture  operations  to  be  performed  which  were  previously
stacked for use on a Tektronix 4012 terminal. This command only
makes sense for boundaries. Note that DOOMNI is not needed  for
DEC GT40 operation for which it is a null operation.
        DOOMNI <Opt. ERASE before doing Kill, Post
                        or Unpost commands>


2.1.27 SETSCALING
-----------------

        The SETSCALING command  sets  the  gray  scale  display
scaling  ratio between max/min densities for nonlinear scaling.
If it is set to 0 then linear scaling  is  used.   The  default
value  is  32. Note that if a display has N density levels, the
blank is included. Gamma correction is done  when  the  scaling
value  is non-zero. The correction is performed after averaging
(if averaging is used). The correction is  as  follows,  for  N
display  density  levels;  dmax,  dmin (display densities), for
display density d(x,y), and clipped pixel gray value g(x,y) (to
dmin:dmax):
If scaling=0
        Then d(x,y)=(N/(dmax-dmin))*(g(x,y)-dmin)
        Else d(x,y)=N*scaling**(g(x,y)/(dmax-dmin))
        SETSCALING <Opt. scaling ratio between max/min,
                        0 for linear>


2.1.28 NEWMOVIE
---------------

        A  movie  consists of an ordered sequence of frames. To
clear this list in preparation for  making  a  new  movie,  the
NEWMOVIE command is issued. It deletes the existing movie frame
list consisting of picture or boundary data structure names.
        NEWMOVIE


2.1.29 APPENDMOVIE
------------------

        The  APPENDMOVIE  command adds the list of OMNI picture
names to the end of movie list. The  movie  will  show  picture
frames  in  the  order that they are appended. Non-Omni picture
names may be specified (i.e.  Pi or Bi which were  never  shown
with AUTOOMNITOGGLE on) but a warning message will be printed.
        APPENDMOVIE (List of OMNI picture names)



                                  2.1
18                          PROC10 Operators

2.1.30 RUNMOVIE
---------------

        The RUNMOVIE command shows the list of  frames  on  the
current display terminal.  The frames may have been transmitted
previously for rapid motion (on the DEC GT40),  otherwise  (for
the  ASR33,  Tektronix  4023,  Tektronix  4012  terminals)  the
picture will be retransmitted each frame.
        RUNMOVIE <Opt. n, (do every n'th frame)>


2.1.31 SPLICEMOVIEFRAME
-----------------------

        The   SPLICEMOVIEFRAME   command  permits  inserting  a
specified Omni picture after another specified frame.
        SPLICEMOVIEFRAME <(after) Frame #>,<Omni picture name>


2.1.32 REMOVEMOVIEFRAME
-----------------------

        TheREMOVEMOVIEFRAME  permits  removing a specified Omni
picture from the movie.
        REMOVEMOVIEFRAME <Frame #>


2.1.33 SETBOUNDARYSCALEFACTOR
-----------------------------

        The    SETBOUNDARYSCALEFACTOR   command   permits   the
expanding or shrinking of a boundary displayed on the tektronix
Tektronix  4012  or  DEC GT40. The scale factor may be set from
0.1 to 10 times the size. The default display size is 1.
        SETBOUNDARYSCALEFACTOR <0.1 to 10X default 1>






















                                  2.1
                            PROC10 Operators                          19

2.2 Picture Operators
---------------------

        The  following  operators have image data structures as
the domain of their major operands.     The  output  image  (if
required)  may be a previously created image. Alternatively, it
may be a newly created image with default gray scale values  of
zero.

        Operations are performed inside of the computing window
and the logical AND of the computing window and mask if a  mask
is  specified.  Output  image  pixels  not  operated on are not
changed. Thus, by  using  different  computing  windows  and/or
masks,  different  parts  of  an output image may be created by
different image operators.


2.2.1 +
-------

        Two images consisting of pixels Pj(r,c), Pk(r,c) may be
added  pixel  by  pixel  such  that  (r,c) is selected from the
computing window (and also in mask Mi if Mi is  specified)  and
the  resulting  (((Pj(r,c)+Pk(r,c))   Min   maximum   computing
density) stored in Pi(r,c).
        <Pi> _ <Pj> + <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.2 MINUS
-----------

        Two images consisting of pixels Pj(r,c), Pk(r,c) may be
subtracted pixel by pixel such that (r,c) is selected from  the
computing  window  (and also in mask Mi if Mi is specified) and
the resulting ((0 Max ((Pj(r,c)-Pk(r,c))) Min maximum computing
density) stored in Pi(r,c).
        <Pi> _ <Pj> MINUS <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.3 DIFFERENCE
----------------

        The   absolute  pixel  difference  between  two  images
consisting of pixels Pj(r,c), Pk(r,c) may be computed such that
(r,c)  is  selected from the computing window (and also in mask
Mi   if   Mi    is    specified).The    resulting    ((0    Max
((|Pj(r,c)-Pk(r,c)|)) is tested agains the specified threshold.
If it is less than the threshold then 0 is stored otherwise the
absolute differnce just computed.
        <Pi> _ <Pj> DIFFERENCE <Pk>, <threshold>, <Opt. Mask Mi>







                                  2.2
20                          PROC10 Operators



2.2.4 *
-------

        To images consisting of pixels Pj(r,c), Pk(r,c) may  be
multiplied  pixel by pixel such that (r,c) is selected from the
computing window (and also in mask Mi if Mi is  specified)  and
the  resulting  (((Pj(r,c)*Pk(r,c))   Min   maximum   computing
density) stored in Pi(r,c).
        <Pi> _ <Pj> * <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.5 /
-------

        Two images consisting of pixels Pj(r,c), Pk(r,c) may be
divided such that (r,c) is selected from the  computing  window
(and  also  in  mask  Mi  if Mi is specified) and the resulting
((0 Max  ((Pj(r,c)/Pk(r,c)))  MIN  maximum  computing  density)
value  stored in Pi(r,c). If the divisor is 0 (i.e. Pj(r,c)/0),
then Pi(r,c) is set to the maximum density.
        <Pi> _ <Pj> / <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.6 MAX
---------

        A maximum picture Pi is created by taking  the  maximum
at  each  pixel  in two image Pj and Pk. Each pixel at (r,c) is
selected from the computing window (and also in mask Mi  if  Mi
is specified) and the resulting [Pj(r,c) Max Pk(r,c)] stored in
Pi(r,c).
        <Pi> _ <Pj> MAX <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.7 MIN
---------

        A minimum picture Pi is created by taking  the  minimum
at  each  pixel  in two image Pj and Pk. Each pixel at (r,c) is
selected from the computing window (and also in mask Mi  if  Mi
is specified) and the resulting [Pj(r,c) Min Pk(r,c)] stored in
Pi(r,c).
        <Pi> _ <Pj> MIN <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>












                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          21



2.2.8 SCALE
-----------

        An  image  Pj  may  be  multiplied by a scaler using the
SCALE command. SCALE multiplies  pixels  in  image  Pj  by  the
positive  scaler  <value>  and  stores  the resultant pixels in
image  Pi  such  that  the  pixels  operated  on are inside the
computing window (and the mask Mi if mentioned). The  resultant
pixel  value  Pj*scaler  is  clipped  at  the maximum computing
density.
        <Pi> _ <Pj> SCALE <scalar value>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.9 ROTATE
------------

        ROTATE rotates  pixels  in  the  Pj  image  about  (row
center, Col  center)  the  specified  angle  and stores them in
Pi(r,c) such that (r,c) is inside  the  computing  window  (and
under mask Mi if specified). The transformation is:
        dc = c - col center,
        dr = r - row center,
        r' = row cent + dc*COS(angle) + dr*SIN(angle),
        c' = col cent + dr*COS(angle) - dc*SIN(angle),
        r''= (image size Min r') Max 0,
        c''= (image size Min c') Max 0,
then,
        Pi(r'',c'') = Pj(r,c)
for  all  (r,c)  inside of the computing window and mask Mi (if
specified).  Thus pixels in (r,c) which would be outside of the
range [0:image size] are mapped to the corresponding extrema.
        Such  a  transformation  is  sensitive  to  distortions
introduced by the use of a square image sampling function.
        <Pi> _ <Pj> ROTATE <Row cent>,<Col cent>,<angle
                                in degrees>


2.2.10 COPY
-----------

        COPY copies image Pj into image Pi such that only those
pixels inside of the computing window (and inside of  the  mask
Mi if mentioned) are copied.
        <Pi> _ COPY <Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.11 AVG4
-----------

        AVG4 averages the four-neighbor pixels of  Pj(r,c)  and
stores  the  local  average  into  Pi(r,c)  for  (r,c)  in  the
computing  window  (and  in the mask Mi if mentioned). That is:
I8=(I0+I2+I4+I6)/4.
        <Pi> _ AVG4 <Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>

                                  2.2
22                          PROC10 Operators

2.2.12 AVG8
-----------

        AVG8  averages the eight-neighbor pixels of Pj(r,c) and
stores  the  local  average  into  Pi(r,c)  for  (r,c)  in  the
computing window (and in the mask Mi if mentioned).        That
is: I8=(I0+I1+I2+I3+I4+I5+I6+I7)/8.
        <Pi> _ AVG8 <Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.13 GRAD4
------------

        GRAD4 takes the four-direction 8-neighbor gradient  for
pixels  of  Pj(r,c)  and stores the local gradient into Pi(r,c)
for (r,c) in the computing  window  (and  in  the  mask  Mi  if
mentioned). The GRAD4 computes the four direction vectors:
    1  2  1    -1  0  1      0  1  2      2  1  0
    0  0  0    -2  0  2     -1  0  1      1  0 -1
   -1 -2 -1    -1  0  1     -2 -1  0      0 -1 -2
       Dx          Dy           D45          D135
Then  Pi(r,c)=Max(|Dx|,|Dy|,|D45|,|D135|).  If  the   DIRECTION
option  is used, then Pi(r,c) =1:4 where 1 is Dx, 2 is Dy, 3 is
D45, and 4 is D135.
        <Pi> _ GRAD4 <Pj>, (Opt. DIRECTION switch),
                                <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.14 GRAD8
------------

        GRAD8 takes the eight-neighbor gradient used by  Kirsch
for  pixels  of Pj(r,c) and stores it into Pi(r,c) for (r,c) in
the computing window (and in the mask Mi if mentioned). If  the
DIRECTION  switch  is  used,  the  output image consists of the
direction  of the gradient at each pixel.  This is coded as a 0
where no gradient was taken, 1:8 being the chain code direction
(as  specified  in  the  paragraph defining the 'neighborhood')
plus 1.  That is:
        For j=[0:8],
        Let Sj = 5*|I(j) + I(j+1) + I(j+2)| -
                 3*|I(j+3) + I(j+4) + I(j+5) + I(j+6) + I(j+7)|,
Then,
        I8 = MAX(S0,S1,...,S7).
        direction = index of maximum direction + 1;
The maximum GRAD8 value is  computed  as  well.  If  after  the
operation is completed, the maximum gradient value is > maximum
allowed gray value then the GRAD8 must be recomputed with  each
GRAD8  value  multiplied  by  a  scale factor (max allowed gray
value/previous maximum GRAD8 value) before it is stored in  the
output image.
        <Pi> _ GRAD8 <Pj>, <Opt. DIRECTION>, <Opt. Mask Mi>





                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          23

2.2.15 FILLPINHOLES
-------------------

        Often, an image will have salt and pepper (shot) noise.
This  appears  as  pinholes  in  an  image.   The  FILLPINHOLES
operations will remove all pinholes which  deviate  from  their
4-neighbors  by a specified density difference and replace that
pixel with its 8-neighbor  average.  Boundary  points  are  not
checked. For a normal image a density difference of 20 would be
a good first approximation. The algorithm is approximated by:
density=If |I8-I0| > d Or |I8-I2| > d Or
           |I8-I4| > d Or |I8-I6| > d
                Then
                (I0+I1+I2+I3+I4+I5+I6+I7)/8.
        <Pi> _ FILLPINHOLES <Pj>, <Density difference>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.16 SLICE
------------

        For all pixels Pj(r,c) such that  the  grayscale  value
g(r,c)  of  Pj  where  [minimum  density  <  g(r,c) leq maximum
density], set Pi(r,c) to Pj(r,c) otherwise set Pi(r,c) to  zero
inside  of  the computing window (and mask Mi if used).  If the
USETHReshold switch is used, then  the  current  threshold  set
with  SETDENSITY  or EXTREMA is used as the minimum density and
the maximum computing density is used as the upper bound.
        <Pi> _ SLICE <Pj>,(USETHReshold switch
                or <dens. min>,<dens max>), <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.17 NOT
----------

        The NOT operator  takes  the  grayscale  complement  of
image  Pj  into  image Pi such that only those pixels inside of
the  computing  window (and inside of the mask Mi if mentioned)
are copied. That is:
        Pi(r,c) = max density (black) - Pj(r,c).
        <Pi> _ NOT <Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.18 EXPAND
-------------

        EXPAND expands the boundary border pixels of  image  Pi
(which  by  definition  have  a  0  value) a maximum of <number
pixels> out from the boundary. This is done,  for  each  border
pixel,  by replacing the 0 valued border pixel with the average
of the those other non-zero boundary pixels. This expansion  is
performed  only  on  that part of the image which is inside the
computing window (and mask Mi if specified).
        <Pi> _ EXPAND <number pixels>, <Opt. Mask Mi>



                                  2.2
24                          PROC10 Operators

2.2.19 SHRINK
-------------

        SHRINK   contracts  border  pixels  of  Pi  inside  the
computing window (and mask  Mi  if  specified)  and  store  the
result   in  Pi.   The  algorithm  is  taken  from  Rosenfeld's
8-neighbor thinning algorithm given in [Ros75].
        <Pi> _ SHRINK <number pixels>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.20 SHIFT
------------

        It is possible to shift pixels Pj by a specified vector
into  Pi  if  a  resultant pixel is inside the computing window
(and mask Mi if specified). Pixels outside of  the  mask/window
area are ignored. That is:
        If (r-delta y,c-delta x) in computing window ^ mask Mi
                Then
                Pi(r,c) = Pj(r-delta y, c-delta x)
        <Pi> _ SHIFT <Pj>, <delta x>, <delta y>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.21 SEGMENT
--------------

        Find all of the connected components of image  Pj  such
that  the  background  pixels of input image Pj have previously
been set to 0.  The labeled components  are  stored  in  output
image Pi as pixels whose value is the component number (ranging
from 1 to 253) with new associated boundaries having sequential
names Bq (q > 32).
        When a boundary  is  created  an  association  is  also
created  between  the resultant connected component's image and
each   boundary   associated   with   a   connected   component
(Pi*Bq=seglist).     This   association  has  a  property  list
consisting of (component number, first raster row, first raster
column,  area,  number  of  boundary  pixels, density, boundary
name, touching  computing  window  predicate,  component  image
name).   This property list may be printed using the ACTIVEDATA
command.
        If the NOBOUNDARIES switch is used, then the boundaries
(Bq) generated during the segmentation are not saved.
        If the NOFILLHOLES switch is used, then do not fill  in
the  holes  inside of connected components.   The default is to
fill in such holes as the connected components  will  often  be
used to generate masks (MSEGMENT command).
        If sizing values (size!lower:size:upper) are  specified
then  only  those boundaries whose number of boundary pixels is
within these  limits  are  acquired.     The  algorithm  is  an
adaptation of the boundary follower given in Rosenfeld 'Picture
Processing by Computer', Academic Press, 1969, chapter 8.
        <Pi> _ SEGMENT <Pj>,<Opt. size!lower, size!upper>,
                <Opt. NOBOUNDARIES>,<Opt. NOFILLHOLES>,
                <Opt. mask Mi>


                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          25

2.2.22 WHITENOISE - GENERATOR
-----------------------------

        The  WHITENOISE  operator  generates an image Pi inside
the computing window (and mask Mi if specified) such  that  the
gray  scale values are normally distributed about the specified
mean with specified standard deviation.
        <Pi> _ WHITENOISE <std dev>, <mean density>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.23 ZERO
-----------

        The ZERO command sets  all  pixels  of  Pi  inside  the
current computing window (and mask Mi if specified) to zero.
        <Pi> _ ZERO <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.24 DELSQPIX - SCALAR
------------------------

        The DELSQPIX command computes the scaler value  of  the
sum  of  the  squares  of  the pixel gray value difference i.e.
|Pj(r,c)-Pk(r,c)|**2 for all (r,c) in the computing window (and
under mask Mi if specified).
        DELSQPIX <Pj>, <Pk>. <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.25 FINDWINDOW - SCALAR
--------------------------

        The FINDWINDOW command searches a picture Pi  from  the
current  computing window for the minimum size rectangle window
within the computing window which contains border pixels  above
the specified density threshold. It then asks if you would like
to (a) pass this new window to  the  RECTANGLE  mask  generator
parameters  or  to  (b)  pass  the  new  window  to the current
computing window. The density threshold may also  be  specified
using the SETDENSITY command.
        FINDWINDOW <Pi>, (USETHReshold switch or <threshold>,
                <Opt. Mask Mi>















                                  2.2
26                          PROC10 Operators



2.2.26 HISTOGRAMPIX
-------------------

        The  histogram of Pj inside of the computing window and
mask (if specified) is  displayed  on  the  currently  selected
display  terminal.  If  the  Omni  mode  is being used, it will
generate an omni picture with the name HIST!Pi. If  the  option
'avg  #  bins'  value  x  is specified, then the histogram will
collapse every x bins of the histogram and thus give a  coarser
histogram.  If  the  R  or  C  option  is  specified,  Then the
histogram is the Row or Column gray scale profile of Pj. Such a
profile  is  computed by summing the gray values along each row
(R) or column (C).
        If   the  Tektronix  4012  display  is  used  with  the
crosshairs option enabled, the crosshairs may be used  to  read
values from the display.
        <Opt. Ti>_HISTOGRAMPIX <Pj>, <Opt. avg# bins>,
                <Opt R or C>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.27 SHOW - I/O
-----------------

        Display the gray scale image Pj inside of the computing
window  and  mask  (if  specified)  on  the  currently selected
display terminal. If the NUMBER option is used, then print  the
decimal  gray values of the sampled image (with a maximum width
of 18 pixels) on the teletype and do  not  do  the  gray  scale
display.  If the Tektronix 4012 terminal was specified with the
crosshairs option selected, the cross hairs on the terminal may
be read repeatedly by PROC10 at the end of the SHOW.  The cross
hairs option must be set (via SETTERMINAL).   The  cross  hairs
will  be  read and the (row,column) reported to the user at the
typing of any character except Q which will return control back
to the PROC10 command input loop.
        The image or boundary is displayed in  a  window  whose
upper  left  hand  corner  (LCS  (Xp,Yp))  is  specified by the
SETLCS.  The  window is specified by the computing window which
may be set via either SETWINDOW or FINDWINDOW. SETSAMPLING sets
the sampling rate to be used inside of the computing window. If
the sampling rate is > 0 then corresponding sub regions between
sample  points  are  averaged and the average called the sample
and displayed. If the sampling rate is < 0 then no averaging is
done.
        SETDENSITY  specifies  the  minimum  and  maximum  gray
values  to be used to define the dynamic range for the display.
The scaling factor is defined with the SETSCALING  command  for
use  with linear scaling (if 0), or with gamma correction. This
is described in more detail in the previous section on  Density
Values.
         SHOW <Pj>, (Opt. NUMBER option), <Opt. Mask Mi>




                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          27

2.2.28 READ - I/O
-----------------

        The READ command is used to read  a  picture  from  the
disk  into  PROC10.  If the size of the image is different from
the current size, it gives you the option  of  reading  in  the
image  anyway or cancelling the READ. If you desire to read the
image anyway, then the old Pi must be deleted so that a new  Pi
of the correct size may be created. A question is asked: DELETE
Pi?  to which you must respond YES.
        If the NUMBER switch is used, then the  input  file  is
assumed  to  be  a sequential list of decimal numbers (in Ascii
format) corresponding to the sequential list of  numbers  in  a
top  down,  left  to right raster scan. This option facilitates
getting non-DDTG formats into PROC10.
        <Pi> _ READ <Opt DEV:><Pix file><Opt. [Proj,Prog]>,
                 <Opt. NUMBER for Ascii data files>


2.2.29 WRITE - I/O
------------------

        The  WRITE  command  is  used  to  write a picture from
PROC10 to the disk file specified. If no  title  is  associated
with the image, then request a title before writing the file.
        <Opt DEV:><Pix file><Opt. [Proj,Prog]> _ WRITE <Pj>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.30 DELETE
-------------

        The DELETE command deletes a picture and its associated
property  list  (but  not  the  boundaries  referenced  in  its
property list which must be deleted with a  DELETE  <Bi>)  from
PROC10.   This enables PROC10 storage to be recovered (which at
16K  words  for  a  full  256x256  pixel   square   images   is
considerable).
        <Pi> _ DELETE


2.2.31 AREA - SCALAR
--------------------

        The AREA command computes the  total  area  of  Pj,  in
pixels,  of  those  pixels > the specified threshold and inside
the computing window and mask Mi if specified.
        AREA <Pj>, (USETHReshold switch or <threshold>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>








                                  2.2
28                          PROC10 Operators



2.2.32 DENSITY - SCALAR
-----------------------

        The  DENSITY command computes the sum of the pixel gray
values of Pj for those pixels > the threshold  and  inside  the
computing window and mask Mi if specified.
        DENSITY <Pj>, (USETHReshold switch or <threshold>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.33 PERIMETER - SCALAR
-------------------------

        The PERIMETER command computes the total perimeter  and
number  of  boundary  pixels  of  image  Pj  for  those  pixels
constituting  objects  >  the  threshold  and  inside  of   the
computing window and mask Mi if specified. Perimeter is defined
to be the total number of pixels which are boundary  transition
points.  If a boundary transition is a diagonal then that point
is counted as sqrt(2) rather than 1.
        PERIMETER <Pj>, (USETHReshold switch or <threshold>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.34 MOMENTS - SCALAR
-----------------------

        The  MOMENTS command computes and prints all (x,y) 0'th
to 3'rd order moments of Pk inside the  computing  window  (and
under mask Mi if specified) such that for gray value  g(x,y) at
pixel Pk(x,y):
        Mij = SUM(over x,y) g(y,x)*(x^i)*(y^j).
         MOMENTS <Pk>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.35 LAPLACE8
---------------

        The   LAPLACE8   command  computes  the  eight-neighbor
Laplacian for pixels of Pj(r,c) and stores it into Pi(r,c)  for
(r,c)   in  the  computing  window  (and  in  the  mask  Mi  if
mentioned). That is:
        I8 = |I8 - (I0+I1+I2+I3+I4+I5+I6+I7)/8|.
        <Pi> _ LAPLACE8 <Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>











                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          29



2.2.36 INSERT
-------------

        INSERT  inserts a smaller image Pj into a larger one Pi
at a position specified by the computing window (and under mask
Mi  if  specified).   This  allows working on parts of a larger
image and then reconstructing the larger image with the  INSERT
command when the operations on the smaller parts are finished.
        INSERT may also be used to construct images from  other
images.   The  size of the smaller image Pj is fixed because it
already exists. The size of the larger  image  is  the  current
image  size  and  may be defined by setting the image size with
SETSIZE. Note that the mask Mi must be the  same  size  as  the
larger image.
        <(larger) Pi> _ INSERT <(smaller) Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.37 EXTRACT
--------------

        EXTRACT extracts a smaller image Pi from a  part  of  a
larger  one  Pj such that the pixels of the extracted image are
inside  of  the  computing  window  (and  under  mask   Mi   if
specified). Thus the computing window specifies the size of the
new smaller image Pi (if Pi does not exist previous to ding  an
EXTRACT).   This  allows working on parts of a larger image and
then reconstructing the larger image when the operations on the
smaller parts of finished.
        The size of the larger image Pj  is  fixed  because  it
already exists. The size of the smaller image Pi is the current
image size and may be defined by setting the  image  size  with
SETSIZE  and  creating  a  zeroed  image  with (Pi_ZERO), or by
setting the size of the computing window. Note that the mask Mi
must be the same size as the larger image.
        <(smaller) Pi> _ EXTRACT <(larger) Pj>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.38 EXTREMA - SCALAR
-----------------------

        The EXTREMA command  computes  the  maxima  and  minima
modes of the gray scale histogram of Pj inside of the computing
window (and under the mask Mi if specified).   The  switches  R
and  C  may  be  used to specify a Row or Column histogram. The
i'th histogram entry for R (C) is the sum of the  row  (column)
gray  values  in  Pj.   The i'th minimum may be requested to be
saved  as  the  new  density  minimum  (for  use  in  automatic
slicing).
        EXTREMA <Pj>, <opt. i: Min[i]==>threshold or USEMEAN>,
                <optional R or C>, <optional Mask Mi>





                                  2.2
30                          PROC10 Operators

2.2.39 LINCOMB
--------------

        The  linear  combination  of two images may be computed
such that Pi(r,c)=(0  Max  (Aj*Pj(r,c)+Bk*Pk(r,c)  Min  maximum
computing  density))  inside of the computing window (and under
mask Mi if specified). Note that all images must  be  the  same
size. If a constant is not defined, then it defaults to 0. Thus
if Aj is non-zero and Bk is zero  the  LINCOMB  operation  acts
like the SCALE operation.
        <Pi> _ <Pj> LINCOMB <Pk>, <Real Aj>, <Real Bk>,
                 <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.40 LISTSEGMENTS - STATE
---------------------------

        LISTSEGMENTS   lists   the   ACTIVEDATA   status  of  a
particular image Pj. This command  is  the  same  as  doing  an
ACTIVEDATA Pj.
        LISTSEGMENTS <Pj>


2.2.41 ZOOM
-----------

        The ZOOM command is used to zoom up or  down  (increase
or  decrease) the magnification of input image Pj and store the
resultant image in Pi. The source image is that available under
the  computing  window  and  optional  mask Mi. The size of the
output image must be the same as that of the  input  image.  If
the  magnification  is  >  1  then  the  zoom  is  performed by
repeating pixels in a square tesselation. If the  magnification
is  <  1  then the zoom is performed by averaging areas between
sample points.
        <Pi> _ ZOOM <Pj>, <Zoom magnification 1/256:256>,
                <opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.42 MAKEPIX
--------------

        The MAKPIX command is used to create an  image  from  a
boundary  by  setting Pi(r,c) to the maximum gray value for all
(r,c) in a boundary Bi such that (r,c) is inside the  computing
window (and under the mask Mi if specified). If a gray value is
specified, then fill the inside of the boundary with this value
othersize  don't fill it and use the maximum gray value for the
Pi(r,c). This allows one to write out boundaries in an image.
        <Pi> _ MAKEPIX <Boundary Bi>, <Opt. gray value to fill
                with>, <Opt. Mask Mi>






                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          31

2.2.43 PRINT - I/O
------------------

        The PRINT command prints picture Pi on the line printer
(logical device LPT: which may be assigned as the disk by doing
an .ASSIGN DSK: LPT:  at  PDP10  monitor  level,  otherwise  it
print   immediately).  The  output  file  has  the  print  name
PiXnnn.LPT.   If '.ASSIGN TTY:  LPT:'  is  requested  at  PDP10
monitor  level,  then  the  printout  will  go  to the teletype
instead of the LPT:.   The number nnn is incremented  (starting
from 000) each time the PRINT command is used.
        The Decimal mode prints  out  a  maximum  of  64  32x32
subwindows of Pi where the 3 digit gray value for each pixel is
printed.  Each page has a heading  consisting  of  the  picture
file  name,  picture  title  and  (first/last  rows, first/last
columns) of the section of the image  printed  on  the  current
page.     Only  those pages falling within the computing window
will be printed. This is useful in cutting down the  amount  of
printout.    If the TTY option is specified, the output will go
to the teletype instead of the logical lineprinter.
        The single  hexidecimal  mode  prints  the  hexidecimal
value  of  the top 4 bits of an 8-bit gray value for each pixel
as (0-9,A-F). The default mode prints the  top  3-bits  of  the
8-bit  gray  scale pixel value as a pseudo gray scale using the
character set: (<space> . , : ! / & #).
        PRINT <Pi>, <Opt. 'D'ecimal, 'S'ingle hexidecimal,
                 (default is 8 character grayscale)>,
                 <Opt. TTY for printing on the teletype>


2.2.44 TEXTURE1 - SCALAR
------------------------

        The  TEXTURE1 command computes the texture measure 1 of
all  Pi  inside  of  the  computing  window  (and  mask  Mi  if
specified).   Texture   measure  1  is  the  histogram  of  the
horizontal run length  sizes for pixels g(r,c) such  that  g  >
the specified threshold.
        TEXTURE1 <Picture Pi>, (USETHRhreshold switch or
                <gray scale threshold>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.45 TEXTURE2 - SCALAR
------------------------

        The TEXTURE2 command computes the texture measure 2  of
all  Pi  inside  of  the  computing  window  (and  mask  Mi  if
specified).   For a given texture sample, a symmetric matrix is
constructed such  that  each  element  b(u,v)  of  this  matrix
indicates  the  number  of  times an element of the sample with
gray value u has a right-hand neighbor with the  gray  value  v
[Ros70].  The coarser the texture, the greater the tendency for
a point in the texture sample to be followed by a point with  a
like  or  similar gray value.  Thus the greater the coarseness,
the greater will be the tendency of the [b(u,v)] matrix to have
its high values concentrated near the main diagonal.
        TEXTURE2 <Picture Pi>, <Opt. Mask Mi>
                                  2.2
32                          PROC10 Operators

2.2.46 TEXTURE3 - SCALAR
------------------------

        The TEXTURE3 command computes the texture measure 3  of
all  Pi  inside  of  the  computing  window  (and  mask  Mi  if
specified).
***TO BE ADDED***
        TEXTURE3 <Picture Pi>, (USETHRhreshold switch or
                <gray scale threshold>, <Opt. Mask Mi>


2.2.47 FILTER
-------------

        The FILTER command computes  the  neighborhood  product
between Pj and the specified real valued 9 element neighborhood
at each pixel of Pj in the computing window and under the  mask
if  specified.    The  neighborhood  elements I0:I8 are defined
according  to  the  ordering  imposed  by  our  definition   of
neighborhood  (see Neighborhood definition).  Each neighborhood
pixel Pi(r,c) is computed as:
                 9
        Pi(r,c)=Sum Pjk*dlist(k).
                k=1
        <Pi> _ FILTER <Pj>,<Opt. Mask Mi>, <9 Real values I0:I8>
































                                  2.2
                            PROC10 Operators                          33

2.3 Mask Operators
------------------

        The  following  operators  have mask data structures as
the domain of their major operands.      The  output  mask  (if
required)  may  be a previously created mask. Alternatively, it
may be a newly created mask with default gray scale  values  of
zero.

        Operations are performed inside of the computing window
ANDed with a mask generator (such  as  MCIRCLE)  if  specified.
Output  mask  pixels  not operated on are not changed. Thus, by
using  different  computing  windows  and/or  mask  generators,
different  parts  of an output mask may be created by different
mask operators.


2.3.1 AND
---------

        AND  computes  the  conjunction  of two masks Mj and Mk
such that Mi(r,c)=1 if both Mj(r,c)=1 and Mk(r,c)=1.
        <Mi> _ <Mj> AND <Mk>


2.3.2 OR
--------

        OR computes the disjunction of two masks Mj and Mk such
that Mi(r,c)=1 if either Mj(r,c)=1 or Mk(r,c)=1.
        <Mi> _ <Mj> OR <Mk>


2.3.3 MINUS
-----------

        MINUS  computes  the logical difference of masks Mj and
Mk and stores it in Mi.
        <Mi> _ <Mj> MINUS <Mk>


2.3.4 COPY
----------

        COPY copies mask Mj into mask Mi.
        <Mi> _ COPY <Mj>


2.3.5 NOT
---------

        NOT  computes complement of mask Mj such that Mi(r,c) =
If Mj(r,c)=1 Then 0 Else 1 and stores the result in Mi.
        <Mi> _  NOT <Mj>



                                  2.3
34                          PROC10 Operators

2.3.6 ZERO
----------

        ZERO sets all mask pixels to zero.
        <Mi> _ ZERO


2.3.7 READ - I/O
----------------

        The  READ  command  reads  a  mask  from  the disk into
PROC10. If the size of the mask is different from  the  current
image size, it gives you the option  of  reading  in  the  mask
anyway  or  cancelling the READ. If you desire to read the mask
anyway, then the old Mi must be deleted so that a new Mi of the
correct  size may be created.  A question is asked:  DELETE Mi?
to which you must respond YES.
        If  the  NUMBER  switch is used, then the input file is
assumed to be a sequential list of decimal  numbers  (in  Ascii
format)  corresponding  to  the sequential list of numbers in a
top down, left to right raster scan.  This  option  facilitates
getting non-DDTG formats into PROC10.
        <Mi> _ READ <Opt DEV:><Mask file><Opt. [Proj,Prog]>,
                <Opt. NUMBER for Ascii data files>


2.3.8 WRITE - I/O
-----------------

        The WRITE command writes a mask from PROC10 to the disk
file  specified.  If no title is associated with the mask, then
request a title before writing the file.
        <Opt DEV:><Mask file><Opt. [Proj,Prog]> _ WRITE <Mj>


2.3.9 DELETE
------------

        The DELETE  command deletes the mask Mi and returns the
freed storage to PROC10.
        <Mi> _ DELETE


2.3.10 MCIRCLE - GENERATOR
--------------------------

        The MCIRCLE command generates a  circular  mask  (anded
with the computing window) of the specified radius and centered
at the row and column specified.
        <Mi> _ MCIRCLE, <radius>, <row center>, <column center>







                                  2.3
                            PROC10 Operators                          35



2.3.11 RECTANGLE - GENERATOR
----------------------------

        The  RECTANGLE  command  generates  a  rectangular mask
(anded with the computing window) of  the  specified  size  and
centered at the row and column specified.
        <Mi> _ RECTANGLE <row side>, <col side>,
                 <row center>, <col center>


2.3.12 SPHERE - GENERATOR
-------------------------

        The SPHERE command generates  a  circular  mask  (anded
with the computing window) which is the 2D slice of a sphere at
the z center with the specified radius and  centered  above  or
below (+/- z) the row and column specified.
        <Mi> _ SPHERE <z center>, <radius>,
                <row center>, <column center>


2.3.13 SQUARE - GENERATOR
-------------------------

        The SQUARE command generates a square mask (anded  with
the computing window) of the specified size and centered at the
row and column specified.
        <Mi> _ SQUARE <size>, <row center>, <col center>


2.3.14 WHOLE - GENERATOR
------------------------

        The  WHOLE  command generates a mask of all ones of the
current image size inside of the computing window.
        <Mi> _ WHOLE



















                                  2.3
36                          PROC10 Operators



2.3.15 MSLICE - GENERATOR
-------------------------

        Generate  a  threshold  mask  by  setting  mask  pixels
Mi(r,c)=1  if  image  pixels  Pj(r,c)  are within the threshold
slice range [dmin < Pj(r,c) leq dmax] otherwise set  Mi(r,c)=0.
If  the USETHReshold switch is used, then the current threshold
set with SETDENSITY is used as  the  minimum  density  and  the
maximum computing density is used as the upper bound.
        <Mi> _ MSLICE <Picture Pi>, (USETHReshold switch or
                        <min dens>, <max dens>)
Various mask operations which are not explicitly  available  in
the  mask domain but are in the picture domain (such as ROTATE,
SHIFT,  EXPAND,  SHRINK, etc.) may be performed by converting a
mask to a black and white picture, performing the operation  on
the  image and then using MSLICE to convert the picture back to
a mask.
        [1] Create a picture from the mask,
                Pi_ZERO
                Pi _ NOT Pi,Mi
        [2] Perform the picture operation (abreviated *),
                Pj _ * Pi
        [3] Convert the image back to a new mask,
                Mj _ MSLICE Pj,0,255


2.3.16 MSEGMENT - GENERATOR
---------------------------

        Generate  a  connected  component  mask by setting mask
pixels  Mi(r,c)=1  if  image  pixels  Pj(r,c)  are  within  the
connected component specified by the segmented image Pj (output
of the SEGMENT command) and  segment  number referring  to  the
connected  component.  If  the  pixel  is  not in the connected
component, then set Mi(r,c)=0.
        <Mi> _ MSEGMENT <Segmented Pix Pi>, <segment number>


2.3.17 AREA - SCALAR
--------------------

        AREA computes the mask area in pixels by counting 1's.
        AREA <Mi>


2.3.18 PERIMETER - SCALAR
-------------------------

        PERIMETER  computes  the  total  perimeter  of mask Mj.
Perimeter is defined to be the total number of pixels which are
boundary  transition  points  (i.e. going from a 0's background
into a 1's  solid  object).  If  a  boundary  transition  is  a
diagonal  arc than that point is counted as sqrt(2) rather than
1.
        PERIMETER <Mi>
                                  2.3
                            PROC10 Operators                          37

2.4 Boundary Operators
----------------------

        The  following  operators have boundary data structures
as the domain of their major operands.     The output  boundary
or boundary transform (if required) may be a previously created
boundary or boundary transform.  Alternatively,  it  may  be  a
newly  created boundary or boundary transform which assumes the
size computed by the operation.  Boundaries  which  were  never
defined and are used as input boundaries have zero length.
domain.


2.4.1 COPY
----------

        COPY copies boundary Bj into boundary Bi.
        <Bi> _ COPY <Bj>


2.4.2 ZERO
----------

        ZERO Zeros boundary Bi.
        <Bi> _ ZERO


2.4.3 READ - I/O
----------------

        The  READ  command  reads  a  boundary  file into Bi or
transform file into Ti from the PDP10 disk. Check to make  sure
it  is  a  valid  data  structure  file.  Print the title after
reading the file.
        If the NUMBER switch is used, sequential decimal  Ascii
(x,y) pairs of numbers are read in until either a (0,0) is seen
or the end of file mark is seen.
        <Bi or Ti>_READ <Opt DEV:><file name><Opt. [Proj,Prog]>,
                        <Opt. NUMBER for Ascii data files>


2.4.4 WRITE - I/O
-----------------

        The  WRITE  command writes a boundary or transform file
from PROC10 to the PDP10 file system. If no title is associated
with  the  data  structure,  request a title before writing the
file.
        <Opt DEV:><file name><Opt. [Proj,Prog]>_WRITE <Bj or Tj>


2.4.5 DELETE
------------

        The DELETE command deletes the boundary Bi or transform
Ti and return storage to PROC10.
        <Bi or Ti> _ DELETE
                                  2.4
38                          PROC10 Operators

2.4.6 SHOW - I/O
----------------

        Display  boundary  Bj inside of the computing window on
the currently selected  display  terminal  with  the  computing
window positioned at the logical coordinate  LCS(Xp,Yp). If the
DEC  GT40  or  Tektronix   4012   terminals   are   used,   the
SETBOUNDARYSCALEFACTOR  command may be used to shrink or expand
the drawing by a factor of 0.1 to 10 (X1  is  the  default).  A
special  line  drawing  mode is available on the Tektronix 4023
display which is considerably  faster  than  using  ASR33  line
drawing simulation mode (by filling in images).
        SHOW <Bj>,<Optional FASTVECTOR switch for 4012 display>


2.4.7 AREA
-----------

        The  AREA  within  a  boundary  is  computed  using  an
algorithm  which approximates the area with subtended polygons.
The area algorithm is taken from [Sham75].
        AREA <Bj>


2.4.8 PERIMETER - SCALAR
------------------------

        PERIMETER  computes  the  perimeter  and  length  of  a
boundary.  The length  is  just  the  number  of  points  which
comprise the boundary.  The perimeter points which are diagonal
are counted sqrt(2) rather than 1.
        PERIMETER <Bj>


2.4.9 CIRCLETRANSFORM
---------------------

        The  Circle  Transform  of  a  boundary  Bi ([Shap76a],
[Shap76b]) is computed given the sampling  distance  along  the
boundary.  The  output  of  the transform consists of a list of
triples. The first component is a signed  radius  of  curvature
for  that  segment. A positive sign indicates concavity while a
negative  sign  indicates  convexity.  The   second   component
indicates  the  angular  deflection  (in  radians)  between two
adjoining segments.  The  third  component  indicates  the  arc
length  of the segment. If a Tektronix 4012 or DEC GT40 display
is available, then DISplaytheanalysis  switch  will  cause  the
sample  points  to  be  delimited  with  small  circles and the
corresonding fitted  circles  (if  the  OSCulatingcircledisplay
switch is mentioned) to be displayed. The process may be stoped
after each  fit  for  viewing  by  using  the  WAITaftereachfit
switch.
        <Ti> _ CIRCLETRANSFORM <Bi>,<Sampling distance>,
                <Opt DISplaytheanalysis>,
                <Opt. WAItaftereachfit if DISplayanalysis>,
                <Opt. OSCulatingcircledisplay if DISplayanalysis>

                                  2.4
                            PROC10 Operators                          39

2.4.10 ICIRCLETRANSFORM
-----------------------

        ICIRCLETRANSFORM computes the inverse circle  transform
starting at the specified angle from a list of triples produced
from a CIRCLETRANSFORM operation.
         <Bi> _ ICIRCLETRANSFORM <Tj>, <Starting angle>


2.4.11 SUBARCS
--------------

        Copy the specified sublist of ordered arcs from Tj into
a new transform Ti.
         <Ti> _ SUBARCS <Tj>, <From arc p>, <To arc q>


2.4.12 LISTTRANSFORM - I/O
--------------------------

        LISTTRANSFORM lists the  type  and  parameters  of  the
specified transform as well as its specific values.
        LISTTRANSFORM <Tj>


2.4.13 FOURIERTRANSFORM
-----------------------

        FOURIERTRANSFORM takes the complex Fourier transform of
Bj over the spatial frequency range specified.
         <Ti> _ FOURIERTRANSFORM <Bj>, <lower omega>,<upper omega>


2.4.14 IFOURIERTRANSFORM
------------------------

        IFOURIERTRANSFORM takes  the  complex  inverse  Fourier
transform  of Tj over the spatial frequency range specified and
constructs a new boundary Bi.
         <Bi> _ IFOURIERTRANSFORM <Tj>, <lower omega>,<upper omega>


2.4.15 WALSHTRANSFORM
---------------------

        WALSHTRANSFORM takes the centroid WALSH transform of Bj
over the spatial frequency range specified  by  the  number  of
samples.
         <Ti> _ WALSHTRANSFORM <Bj>, <number samples>








                                  2.4
40



2.4.16 IWALSHTRANSFORM
----------------------

        IWALSHTRANSFORM  takes  the  centroid   inverse   WALSH
transform  of  Tj over the spatial frequency range specified by
the number of samples and constructs a new Bi.
         <Bi> _ IWALSHTRANSFORM <Tj>, <number samples>


2.4.17 CENTFOURIERTRANSFORM
---------------------------

        CENTFOURIERTRANSFORM   takes   the   centroid   FOURIER
transform of Bj over the spatial frequency range  specified  by
the number of coefficients.
         <Ti> _ CENTFOURIERTRANSFORM <Bj>, <number coefficients>


2.4.18 ICENTFOURIERTRANSFORM
----------------------------

        ICENTFOURIERTRANSFORM  takes   the   centroid   inverse
FOURIER  transform  of  Tj  over  the  spatial  frequency range
specified by the number of coefficients and  constructs  a  new
Bi.
         <Bi> _ ICENTFOURIERTRANSFORM <Tj>


2.4.19 LISTBOUNDARY - I/O
-------------------------

        LISTBOUNDARY lists the first and  last  boundary  (x,y)
points  of  Bi  to  indicate  closure. It then lists all of the
boundary points.
        LISTBOUNDARY <Bi>




















                                  2.4
                               References                             41

                               SECTION 3

                               References
                               ----------



Carm74.     Carman G, Lemkin P, Lipkin L, Shapiro B, Schultz M,
Kaiser  P:A  real  time picture processor for use in biological
cell identification - II hardware implementation.   J.    Hist.
Cyto. Vol 22, 1974, 732:740.

CCB76.  Computer  Center  Branch:DECsystem-10 Omnigraph Display
Manual. DCRT, NIH, Bethesda, Md. 20014., April 1976.

Gor75. Gordon R, Silver  L,  Rigel  D  S:Halftone  graphics  on
computer  terminals  from  storage  display  tubes.  Proc. Soc.
Information Display. In press.

Knott73.   Knott   G,  Reese  D:MLAB  -  an  On-line  Modelling
Laboratory. NIH, DCRT, Bethesda, Md., Dec., 1973.

Lem74.        Lemkin  P, Carman G, Lipkin L, Shapiro B, Schultz
M, Kaiser P:A real time picture processor for use in biological
cell  identification - I systems design. J. Hist. Cyto. Vol 22,
1974, 725:731.

Lem75. Lemkin  P,  Shapiro  B.:PROCES  -  An  Image  Processing
Program  for the PDP8e.  NCI/IP-75/02 Technical Report #1, NTIS
PB244264/AS. July 1975.

Lem76a.    Lemkin  P,  Carman  G,  Lipkin L, Shapiro B, Schultz
M:The  real  time   picture   processor   -   description   and
specification.   NCI/IP-76/03   Technical   Report   #7,   NTIS
PB25268/AS, March 1976.

Lem76b.  Lemkin  P:DDTG - Functional Specification for the RTPP
Monitor/Debugger.   NCI/IP-76/02,  Technical  Report  #2,  NTIS
PB250726, Feb 1976.

Sham75.   Shamos   M:Geometric   Complexity.  7'th  Annual  ACM
symposium on the Theory of Computing, 1975.

Shap76a.    Shapiro   B,  Lipkin  L:The  circle  transform:  an
articulatable shape descriptor. In prep.

Shap76b.   Shapiro B, Lipkin L:The use of Orthogonal Expansions
for Biological Shape Description. Univ. Md. TR-, Aug 1976.

Shap76c.  Shapiro  B,  Lemkin  P:A 9 track magtape intermediary
between the PDP8e and PDP10 computers. NCI/IP Technical  Report
#20, Sept. 1976.

Ros69.  Rosenfeld  A:Picture  Processing  by Computer. Academic
Press, 1969, Chap 8.

Ros70.  Rosenfeld A, Troy  B:Visual  Texture  Analysis.   Univ.
                                   3
42

Md. Computer Science Center TR-70-116, June, 1970.

Ros75. Rosenfeld A, Davis L S:A Note on Thinning.   Univ.   Md.
Computer Science Center TR381, May 1975.

VanL73.   VanLehn,  K:Sail  User  Manual.  Stanford  Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory memo AIM-204, July 1973.


















































                                   3
                                 INDEX                                43

                                 INDEX






*  20


+  19


/  20


Active Omni picture  6
ACTIVEDATA - STATE  7, 11
Addition of new operations and data structures to PROC10  9
AND  33
APPENDMOVIE  17
AREA  3
AREA - SCALAR  27, 36, 38
Automatic data structure allocation  2
AUTOOMNITOGGLE  6, 16
AUTOTITLETOGGLE  12
AVG4  21
AVG8  22


Border definition in neighborhood operations  8
Boundary and boundary transform data structures  5
Boundary Operators  37


CENTFOURIERTRANSFORM  40
Circle transform  5
CIRCLETRANSFORM  38
CMD - HELP  12
Command entry  1
Computation windows  4
COPY  21, 33, 37


Data File Format  7
DDTG  1, 3, 4, 7
DELETE  12, 27, 34, 37
DELSQPIX - SCALAR  25
DENSITY  3
DENSITY - SCALAR  28
Density values  3
DIFFERENCE  19
Display gamma correction  3
Display max and min densities  3
Display of Images and boundaries  6
Display sampling distance  6
Display scaling  3
44                               INDEX

Display terminals  1
DO - I/O  1, 8, 15
DOOMNI  6, 17


ENDSESSION  12
ENTER2001  8, 16
EXPAND  23
EXTRACT  29
EXTREMA - SCALAR  29


FILLPINHOLES  23
FILTER  32
FINDWINDOW  4
FINDWINDOW - SCALAR  25
Fourier transform  5
FOURIERTRANSFORM  39


GETWINDOW  4, 12
GRAD4  22
GRAD8  22


HELP  1, 11
HISTOGRAMPIX  26


ICENTFOURIERTRANSFORM  40
ICIRCLETRANSFORM  39
IFOURIERTRANSFORM  39
Image data structures  3
INSERT  29
Introduction  1
IWALSHTRANSFORM  40


KILLOMNI  6, 16


LAPLACE8  28
LCS  3
LEAVE2001  8
LINCOMB  30
LISTBOUNDARY - I/O  40
LISTSEGMENTS - STATE  30
LISTTRANSFORM - I/O  39
Logical Coordinate System - LCS  3


MAKEPIX  30
MAKPIX  5
Mask data structures  5
Mask Operators  33
MAX  20
Maximum computing density  3
                                 INDEX                                45

MCIRCLE  5
MCIRCLE - GENERATOR  34
MIN  20
MINUS  19, 33
MOMENTS - SCALAR  28
Movies  6
MRECTANGLE  5
MSEGMENT  5
MSEGMENT - GENERATOR  36
MSLICE  3, 5
MSLICE - GENERATOR  36


Neighborhood definition  8
NEWMOVIE  17
NOT  23, 33


Omni pictures  6
OMNIGRAPH  6
OR  33


PARAMETERS  6, 13
PARAMETERS - STATE  7
PERIMETER  3
PERIMETER - SCALAR  28, 36, 38
Picture Operators  19
POSTOMNI  6, 16
PRINT  6
PRINT - I/O  31
PROC10 command files  8
PROC10 Movies  7
PROC10 Operators  11
PROC10 Special Commands  11
PROCES system  1


READ - I/O  27, 34, 37
RECTANGLE - GENERATOR  35
References  41
REMOVEMOVIEFRAME  18
Resultant images  5
ROTATE  21
RTPP  1, 3, 4
RUNMOVIE  18


SAIL modules used in PROC10  9
SAVEWINDOW  4, 13
SCALE  21
SEGMENT  5, 24
SETBOUNDARYSCALEFACTOR  18
SETDENSITY  3, 13
SETLCS  3, 15
SETSAMPLE  6
SETSAMPLING  13
                                   46

SETSCALING  3, 17
SETSIZE  4, 14
SETTERMINAL  14
Setting parameters with SET- commands  7
SETTITLE  14
SETWINDOW  4, 14
SHIFT  24
SHOW  6
SHOW - I/O  26, 38
SHRINK  24
SLICE  3, 23
SPHERE  5
SPHERE - GENERATOR  35
SPLICEMOVIEFRAME  18
SQUARE  5
SQUARE - GENERATOR  35
State of PROC10  7
SUBARCS  39


TERSE  15
TEXTURE1 - SCALAR  31
TEXTURE2 - SCALAR  31
TEXTURE3 - SCALAR  32
Threshold density  3
TIMERTOGGLE  15


UNPOSTOMNI  6, 16
User aids  1


VERBOSE  15


Walsh transform  5
WALSHTRANSFORM  39
WHITENOISE - GENERATOR  25
WHOLE - GENERATOR  35
WRITE - I/O  27, 34, 37


ZERO  25, 34, 37
ZOOM  4, 30

